About Mafia.

Mafia, also referred to as La Cosa Nostra (Italian: Things We), is a collective call to some secret organization in Sicily and the United States. Mafia was originally the name of a confederation that people in Sicily entered in the Middle Ages for the purpose of protection and enforcement alone (vigilante). The Confederation then started to organized crime.
Mafia members called "mafioso", which means "honorable man".
Mafia expanding into the United States through immigration in the 20th century.
Mafia strength peaked in the US in the mid-20th century, up to a barrage of FBI investigations in the 1970s and 1980s rather reduce their influence. Despite the fall, the Mafia and its reputation has been embedded in American popular culture, filmed on television and even advertisements.
The term "mafia" has now widened to be able to refer to any large group who organized crime (compare with the Russian Mafia, the Yakuza in Japan), and the Triads in China.

Mafia, Most Famous Crime Organization Worldwide.

Perhaps this is the most famous criminal organization in the world and have been frequently raised in the story of the novel, movie, or other stories in various forms. Mafia is a term used to describe a type of organized crime syndicates are primarily committed a crime of extortion, the use of violent intimidation to manipulate local economic activity, especially illicit trade. Other activities are practiced such as drug trafficking, loan-sharking and fraud. They are bound together in the form of rules of conduct code of honor Mafia (Omerta) in southern Italy, and its members unite to protect the Mafia from outside interference and law enforcement.

Mafia term originally given to the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, but later expanded to include other organizations whose methods are similar and the same purpose, for example, "Russian Mafia", "Japanese Mafia" or commonly called the Yakuza, or "Albanian Mafia", and others . The term is applied informally by the press and the public; criminal organization itself has a mention of the term in themselves (eg Sicilian and American Mafia were founded by immigrants of Italian descent) calls himself "Cosa Nostra", the Mexican Mafia calls itself "La Eme" and "Japanese Mafia" calls himself "Yakuza". When the Mafia used its own vocabulary, the word "Mafia" usually refers to the Sicilian Mafia or the American Mafia.

The four most known Mafia organizations worldwide are:

Mafia Sicily (Italy),

Also known as Cosa Nostra (in English "Our Thing"), is a criminal syndicate in Islands of Sicily, Italy. This organization is an association of criminal groups that have a common organizational structure and code of ethics, and are primarily engaged in the services of security protection and extortion. Each group, which is known as "family", "clan", or "cosca", claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or neighborhood (Borgata) from the larger cities, especially where they operate. Its members called themselves "honorable men", although people often refer to them as "mafiosi / mafioso". According to the classical definition, the Mafia is a criminal organization that originated from Sicily. However, the term "mafia" and widespread become a generic term to refer to any organized criminal networks with similar structures, methods, and the same interests.

The Mafia often cooperate in parallel, but not rare clash with fellow Mafia in the same region. Mafia tissue from other parts of southern Italy, such as the Camorra (from Campania), 'Ndrangheta (from Calabria), Stidda (south of Sicily) and the Sacra Corona Unita (from Apulia). Giovanni Falcone, an anti-Mafia judge murdered by the Mafia in 1992, raised objections to the incorporation of the term "Mafia" with organized crime in general:
The American Mafia emerged as an offshoot of the Italian Mafia began to appear in the United States in the late nineteenth century, after a wave of emigration from Italy arrived in the United States. There are branches of the same in Canada, founded by the Italians in Canada. The same thing has been claimed that the formation of networks of organized crime by the Italians in Australia.

Russian Mafiya (Russia)

In the Russian alphabet: "мафия русская" or read Russkaya Mafiya or bratva, is a term used to refer to the various elements of organized crime originating from countries of the former Soviet Union. Although not a single criminal organization, the majority of groups of individuals sharing the same purpose in the organization structure, define them as part of the overall association. Organized crime in Russia began during the Tsarist empire, but it was not until the Soviet era where Vory v zakone ("thief-in-law") emerged as the leader of the prison in the Gulag (forced labor camps in the Soviet prison), and since they are the emergence of a code of honor in the group Russian Mafia defined more clearly. After World War II, the death of Joseph Stalin, and the fall of the Soviet Union, many gangs have emerged and evolved in the black market, take advantage of unstable governments of the countries of the former Soviet Union, and at the highest point of control even as much as two-thirds of the Russian economy.

Louis Freeh, the former FBI director, has said the Russian mafia poses the greatest threat to US national security in the mid-1990s. In this modern era, there are as many as 6,000 different groups, with more than 200 of them have a range of global-scale operations. Criminals of various groups both former gang members in prison, corrupt Communist officials, and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region to share their experiences of crime and have a leader. In December 2009, the East Lakhonin, head of the National Central Bureau of Interpol Russia, stated, "Of course, there are crimes involving our former colleagues abroad, but there are no data to suggest that the structure of organized criminal groups consisting of former Russians residing abroad ", while in August 2010, Alain Bauer, a French criminologist, said that the" Russian Mafia is one of the best and most structured criminal organizations in Europe, the military equivalent operation. "

American Mafia (United States).

The American Mafia, commonly known as the Mafia or Mafia Mob Italian or Italian, or the Mob in the United States, is a criminal society Italian-American descent. Similar to the Sicilian Mafia, Italian-American Mafia is a secret criminal society without a formal name. Members usually refer to it as the Cosa Nostra (Italian pronunciation: ( kɔza nɔstra ), Italian for "our affairs"). The press has also created the name "National Crime Syndicate" to refer to the whole of organized crime in the United States, including the Mafia. The Mafia emerged in New York's Lower East Side, the other areas on the East Coast United States, and several other major metropolitan areas (like New Orleans for example) in the late 19th and early 20th century following waves of immigration from Italy, mainly from the islands of Sicily .
This organization is rooted in the Sicilian Mafia, but an organization that is completely separate in the United States. Neapolitan, Calabria, Italy and other criminal groups, as well as Italian-American criminal who stands alone, eventually joining the Sicilian Mafia to create frontman Mafia family One of America's most widely known is Al Capone, where the figure raised in various Hollywood movie themed Mafia . Mafia-modern Italian descent in North America. Currently, the American Mafia cooperate in various criminal activities with the Sicilian Mafia and organized crime groups Italy, such as the Camorra, 'Ndrangheta, the Sacra Corona Unita and. The most important unit of the American Mafia is that merkea is part of the "family" is derived from criminal organizations that make the Mafia known to be very broad and has a strong network. Although the name of "family" to describe the various units, a succession of American Mafia leader is not always hereditary, although it is possible.

The Mafia is currently most active in New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, New England, Detroit, and Chicago, with smaller families, associations, and the crew in places like Florida, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Texas. There are at least 26 cities across the United States with the Cosa Nostra families, with many branches, and a splinter group of colleagues in other cities. There are five families of New York City major Mafia, known as the Five Families: The Gambino, Lucchese, Genovese, Bonanno and Colombo families.

Ranks arrangement in a Mafia Family Organization.

At its peak, the Mafia dominated organized crime in the US Although every family who launched a crime to operate independently, national coordination is provided by a Committee, consisting of the bosses of each family strongest. Law enforcement still considers Mafia largest organized crime group in the United States. It then maintains control over the many activities of organized crime in the United States and certain parts of Canada (Look Rizzuto crime family). Currently most of the mafia activities contained to the Northeastern United States and Chicago where they continued to dominate organized crime despite the increasing number of street gangs and other organizations that do not come from Italy.

Black Mafia Family (United States).

BMF is a drug trafficking organization which was originally based in Detroit, Michigan, which was founded in the late 1980s by two brothers Demetrius and Terry Flenory. In 2000, they have built a cocaine distribution cells in cities across the United States. Through drug source supplier based in Los Angeles, they establish a direct relationship with the Mexican drug cartels. They form the two main hub for their drug trafficking operations, namely: "Atlanta, Georgia hub", specifically for the distribution of narcotics, operated by brother Demetrius, while "Los Angeles, California hub" operated by Terry to handle incoming shipments from Mexico.

Around 2000, the organization tries to legitimize itself by entering the music business of hip-hop, started a company called BMF Entertainment. Through BMF Entertainment, they help promote a number of artists, including Young Jeezy, and Bleu DaVinci. Before they get into the music business, Flenory Brothers known to be close to a number of well-known hip-hop artists, including Jay-Z and Fabolous.
In 2005, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to indict members of the Black Mafia Family. Both brothers were sentenced to 30 years to life. Subsequent indictment eventually charged to more than 150 members of the organization. Attorney guide mentions the organization make more than $ 270 million (approximately Rp 3,181,950,000,000, - or more than three trillion dollars) for their organization running.
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Did you know Charles Darwin.

Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, then worked for the publication of Origin of Species.
Born Charles Robert Darwin
February 12, 1809
The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
Died 19 April 1882 (age 73)
Houses Down, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom
Places to stay British
British citizenship
Nationality United Kingdom
Royal Medal Award (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Couple Emma Darwin (1839 - 1882)

Charles Robert Darwin (born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, December 12, 1809 - died in Downe, Kent, England, 19 April 1882 at the age of 72 years) was an English naturalist who laid the foundation for his revolutionary theory of modern evolutionary theory and principles lineage same (common descent) by proposing natural selection as a mechanism. This theory is now considered an integral component of biology (life sciences).
He developed his interest in natural history when he initially studied medicine, and then theology, at university. Sea journey across the world for five years aboard the HMS Beagle subsequent writings made him a leading geologist and writer famous. Biological observations led him to study about the transmutation of species and he developed his theory of natural selection in 1838. Due fully aware that other people who put forward ideas heretical as it suffered severe punishment, he simply convey this research to friends closest. However, he continued his research by recognizing the emergence of various objections to the results. However, in 1858 the information that Alfred Russel Wallace also find a similar theory prompted him to issue joint of Darwin's theory.
His book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to The Origin of Species) (1859) is his most famous until now. This book describes the evolution through the same lineage as the dominant scientific explanation of the diversity in nature. Darwin was named a Fellow of the Royal Society, continued his research, and wrote a series of books about plants and animals, including humans, and that stands out is The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Last book is about earthworms.
As a sign of recognition of the greatness of Darwin, he was buried in Westminster Abbey, along with William Herschel and Isaac Newton.

Life.

Childhood.

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, at the family home, the Mount House. He was the fifth of six children of a wealthy doctor, Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood father's side of the mother. Both come from prominent English family, family Darwin - Wedgwood supporting the Unitarian church. His mother died when Charles was eight years old. When the following year he attended Shrewsbury School which is not so far away, he lived in boarding school.
Thanks to the wealth of their parents, Darwin enjoyed the comfort and have access facilities to acquire a good education. However, his father worried about the future of Darwin, because he was just having fun with hunting, playing with the dog and catch mice. His father worried that Darwin would bring shame to the family. Although Darwin had from early interested in biology, to please his father, he took up the study of medicine.
In 1825, after a summer as an apprentice doctor, helping his father take care of the poor people in Shropshire, Darwin went to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But he hated the brutality of surgery so that he left his studies. He learned how to preserve the animals from John Edmonstone, a black slave who had been freed, who told him interesting stories about tropical forests in South America. In the second year, Darwin became active in the fraternity for the naturalist. He became a keen student of Robert Edmund Grant. Grant is the man who pioneered the development of theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles theory grandfather, Erasmus, evolution by examining characteristics. Darwin took part in Grant research on the life cycle of marine animals on the shore of the Firth of Forth which found evidence for homology, the radical theory that all animals have similar organs and only vary in complexity. In March 1827, Darwin gave a presentation to the Association of Plinian on his own discovery that black spores often found in oyster shells are similar leech eggs (skate leech). He also attended classes Robert Jameson on natural history, and learn about the geological stratigraphy and how to classify plants while watching for the work to develop a comprehensive collection of the Museum of the University of Edinburgh.

In 1827, his father was not happy because the child does not wish to become a doctor, secretly enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts program at Christ's College, University of Cambridge, to prepare a pastor. This is a reasonable choice at a time when the Anglican earn a decent income, and most of the naturalists in England when it was a pastor who considers part of their job is to "explore the wonders of God's creation". At Cambridge, Darwin preferred to ride a horse and shoot rather than learning. Together cousin, William Darwin Fox, he drowned in the current craze for collecting beetles race. Fox also introduced him to the Reverend John Stevens Henslow, professor of botany, to get expert advice on beetles. Darwin then go to class natural history Henslow, became his favorite disciple, and came to be known as "the man who walked with Henslow". When the test came, Darwin focused more on his studies and get a special additional class of Henslow in mathematics and theology. Darwin were particularly interested in the writings of William Paley, including the argument of divine design in nature. In the tests finally in January 1831, he succeeded well in theology and because he studied hard in classical studies, mathematics and physics, he appeared in the top 10 of the 178 students who graduated.
Residency demands require Darwin lived in Cambridge until June. Following Henslow's example and advice, he was in no hurry to become a pastor. He was inspired by the writings of Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative, and therefore he planned to visit the Madeira Islands to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself, Darwin took a geology class of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, and in the summer to go with him to assist in mapping layers (strata) in Wales. Darwin was doing research strata own when his plans to go to Madeira canceled by the message that will go with her colleagues who have passed away, but when he returned home he received another letter. Henslow has recommended to Darwin for a position that is not paid to be a companion to Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, in a two-year expedition to explore the coastline of South America. This will provide a valuable opportunity Darwin to develop his career as a naturalist. His father opposed the trip, think of it as a waste of time, but he was persuaded by Josiah Wedgwood II to approve their participation. This trip into a five-year expedition that led to dramatic changes in many fields of science.

Travel by Beagle.

Darwin had decided that it was a way of life to become a pastor and a quiet life when he received a very tempting offer. Darwin was invited to accompany Captain Robert FitzRoy on the HMS Beagle. At that time, has become a habit that the captain of the ship has a companion during the expedition ship which usually lasts for years. Because the position of Captain FitzRoy high enough, only a 'gentleman' who can be his best man. Nigrat line Darwin proved useful. Although the expedition aims to create a marine map, FitzRoy secretly has plans to look for evidence of creation as written in the Bible. Ironically, Darwin was selected by FitzRoy because Darwin is a prospective pastor, as well as thanks to his noble blood.
Beagle survey lasted five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of this time to explore the mainland. He investigated a wide range of geological appearance, fossil and living organisms, and meet a wide range of people, both indigenous and colonial society. Methodically he gathered a large number of specimens, many of them new to science. This confirmed his reputation as a naturalist and makes it one of the pioneers in the field of ecology, particularly the understanding of biokoenosis. The records detailed that the length showed his gift to build the theory and form the basis for future work, as well as provide insight into the social anthropological, political depth areas visited.
The voyage, Darwin read Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (Principles of Geology), which explains the geological appearance as a result of a gradual process during various periods long, and wrote a letter to his family that he witnessed other forms of land "is as if he had the eyes of Lyell ": he saw the plains of the thin layer (shingle) are steep and shells in Patagonia as ascending beaches. In Chile he experienced an earthquake and noted the basics ocean with shells stranded above high tide showing that the land had increased; and even in places high in the Andes, he can collect sea shells. He theorized that coral atolls form on the volcanic mountains of the sinking, an idea that he saw confirmed when the Beagle investigate Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
In South America he discovered fossils of extinct giant mammals, including megatheria and gliptodon in layers that do not show signs or catastrophic climate change. Occasionally he sees his they are similar to species in Africa, but after shipping Richard Owen showed that the remains were derived from animals related to living creatures in the same place. In Argentina two species of rhea had separate areas but overlap. In the Galápagos Islands Darwin found that mockingbirds differ from one island to another, and when he returned to Britain kepadnya shown that turtles Galápagos tortoises and finches also vary depending on the species of each island they inhabit. Australian marsupial animals kangaroo rats and animals platypus is very strange that he thinks "People who do not believe ... maybe say 'Surely two distinct Creator has worked'. "He was confused by what he saw, and while in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Sailing in the Beagle) he describes the distribution of species by Charles Lyell's ideas of "centers of creation", in recent editions of this Journal, he begin to imagine the use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "people may actually suspect that a small number of native birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different purposes."
Three native missionaries returned by Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They have been in civilized-right in the UK for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes looked "wild", slightly above the animal. Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their lives were hard and primitive, but they are more like it and do not want to go back to the civilized world. This experience and the rejection of Darwin against slavery and various other inhumane treatment were seen in other places, such as ill-treatment of the natives by British colonists in Tasmania convinced him that there is no moral justification whatsoever for treating others badly based on the concept race. Now he argues that human beings are not too far away from the animal, in contrast to what is believed by his friends clergy.
While on the ship, Darwin suffered seasickness. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, while returning from the Andes to Valparaíso, he fell ill and was forced to stay in bed for a month. Since 1837 Darwin suffered repeated abdominal pain, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and a variety of other symptoms. All of these symptoms particularly affected him at times when he was depressed, such as when attending meetings or dealing with disputes about the theory. The cause of the disease is unknown Darwin in his lifetime, and various efforts to take care not had much success. Speculation has recently stated that in South America he Chagas disease due to insect bites, which causes a variety of problems later. Other causes that may include the problems of psycho-biological and Ménière's disease.

Careers in science, theory formation.

While still in the voyage, Henslow carefully strengthen former pupil's reputation by giving a naturalist's selected examples of access to fossil and printed copies of Darwin's geological writings. When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin has become well known in scientific circles. He visited his family in Shrewsbury and his father developed the savings that Darwin could become a scientist who is supported by its own funds. Darwin then went to Cambridge and persuaded Henslow so doing botanical descriptions of modern plants he had collected. After that Darwin traveled to institutions in London to find the best naturalists available to describe other collections for publication in a timely manner. Charles Lyell was very excited to see Darwin on 29 October and introduced him to an anatomist Richard Owen who is on the rise. After working on a collection of fossil bones of the Association of Surgeons of Darwin in his kingdom, Owen caused a big surprise by revealing that some of it comes from the rats and similar animals that have been extinct giant creep. It enhances the reputation of Darwin. With the enthusiastic support of Lyell, Darwin first presented a paper to the Geological Society of London on January 4, 1837, and said that the South American land are rising slowly. On the same day Darwin presented examples of mammals and birds to the Association of zoological London. The animals mammals were taken by George R. Waterhouse. Although the birds seem like a new idea came later, John Gould, a bird expert revealed that what was presumed to Darwin as "wren", black birds, and somewhat different from the Galápagos finches are all finches, but each respective different species. The others in the Beagle, including FitzRoy also telha collect these birds and more careful with their records, to allow Darwin found on the island where each species was derived.
In London Charles lived with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At a dinner parties he met with a number of scholars who argue that God has set his previous life with the laws of nature, rather than the magical creations for a while. His best friend, Ms. Harriet Martineau was a writer whose stories promoting reforms Whig Malthusian law of poor people. Scientific circles excited by the ideas of transmutation of species controversially associated with Radical excitement. Darwin would rather Dear friends, the Cambridge professor, despite his ideas beyond their belief that natural history must justify religion and social order.
On February 17, 1837, Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to determine the date of Darwin's fossils, and shows the inference that the species of animals that have been pu well was associated with species of the existing now in the same place. At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Board of the Association. He has been invited by FitzRoy to contribute articles in the Journal based on his field notes as part of the natural history of the captain of the Beagle voyage report. Now he is immersed in the writing of a book on the geology of South America. At the same time he speculated on transmutation in his Red Book notes that have been completed at the start of the Beagle. Another project commencement getting reports of experts on the collection published as a series of publications of Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle (Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle), and Henslow used his contacts to arrange the provision of £ 1,000 from the Treasury for sponsoring it. Darwin finished writing his Journal about 20 June when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid-July he started a notebook "B" of the secret of transmutation, and developed the hypothesis that where every island of the Galápagos Islands have their own kind of tortoise, all of it comes from a species of turtle and had to adjust to island -miami different in different ways.
Under pressure to organize Zoology and correcting manuscripts to his Journal, Darwin's health deteriorated. On 20 September 1837 he suffered a "heart pounding" and go to the countryside to recuperate. He visited Maer Hall where invalid aunt who was raised by her daughter who remained single, Emma Wedgwood, and entertaining relatives with stories about his travels. His uncle, Jos showed a spot on the ground where cinders disappeared under loam and say that it all is the work of earthworms. Darwin got the idea for a conversation that is conveyed to the Geological Society on 1 November, about a topic that is very unusual about earthworms. He has avoided official positions that may seize the precious time, but in March it, Whewell had recruited him as Secretary of the Geological Society. The pain makes Darwin rest from the pressures of work, and he went conduct geological research in Scotland. In clear air he visited Glen Roy to see the phenomenon known as "roads" that - wrongly - described as ascending beaches.

Once fully recovered, he returned to his home in Shrewsbury. He thought about a career and scientific prospects, and therefore he compiled a list with two columns titled "Married" and "Not Marry". List included under the pro-marriage column included "constant companion and friend in old age ... however better than a dog," while a list of the counter is "less money for books" and "the loss of a very sad time . "Consideration pro eventually win. He discussed this with his father then went to visit his cousin Emma on 29 July 1838. He did not directly apply, but in contrast to his father's advice, he told Emma ideas on transmutation.
While the thought and work continued in London in the autumn, he repeatedly fell ill.On 11 November he returned and proposed to Emma, and once again told him his ideas. He accepted it, but later wrote and begged him to read from the Gospel of John part about love and follow the road which also states that "If anyone does not remain in me, he ... thrown into the fire and burned". Charles sent a warm response that eliminates concern, but Emma still worry that the decline of faith Charles would jeopardize his hope that they would meet again in the afterlife.

Marriage and children.

On January 29, 1839, Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians.
After the first stay in Gower Street, London, the couple moved on 17 September 1842 to Down House, Downe (which is now open for public visits, south of Orpington). Darwin family had ten children, three of whom died in early childhood. Many of them and their grandchildren would become famous (see the family Darwin - Wedgwood)
William Erasmus Darwin (December 27 1839-1914)
Anne Elizabeth Darwin (March 2 1841-22 April 1851)
Mary Eleanor Darwin (September 23 1842-16 October 1842)
Emma Henrietta "Etty" Darwin (September 25 1843-1929)
George Howard Darwin (July 9 1845-7 December 1912)
Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin (July 8 1847 to 1926)
Francis Darwin (August 16, 1848-19 September 1925)
Leonard Darwin (January 15th, 1850-26 March 1943)
Horace Darwin (May 13 1851-29 September 1928)
Charles Waring Darwin (December 6 1856-28 June 1858)
Some of their children suffering from illness or weak body. Charles Darwin worried that this might be due to his lineage with Emma pretty close. This is expressed in his writings about the harmful consequences arising from the marriage between close relatives and benefit from cross-breeding.

Development theory.

Darwin had long thought about the evolution of the idea; that all species are related to each other and have a "common ancestor" (derived from a single lineage) and new species arise through mutations. But he was still curious about the mechanics of how the process occurs. By chance, he read the writings of Thomas Malthus. Malthus argued that human population grew faster than food production, causing humans compete with each other to compete for food and make charitable deeds vain. Darwin happily use this mechanism to explain his theory. He writes: "Human beings tend to increase in the level of greater than how to survive. As a result, he occasionally had to fight hard to survive, and natural selection will affect what lies within this range." (Descent of Man, Ps.21) He attributed this to the findings of the species associated with places, research on the breeding of animals, and the idea of "the law of natural selection" (Natural Selection). Towards the end of 1838 he compared the characteristics of the selection of farmers with natural selection according to the Malthusian theory of variants that occur "by chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practiced and perfected", and considers that it is "part of the the most beautiful of my theory "of how species originated.
Darwin now is a leading geologist among the scientific elite among the clergy who also is a naturalist. In finance it pretty well established with personal income. He has a lot of work to do, write down the findings and theories, and oversee the preparation of writing a series of books that describe Zoology collections. He was convinced of the truth of evolution, but for a longer period of time he realized that the transmutation of species associated with the denial of God and the democratic agitators in Britain are trying to overthrow society. Thus, publishing his theory could threaten his reputation. Darwin did a lot of experiments with plants and engaged in consultations with the breeders of animals, including pigeons and pig breeders, trying to find the answers that are strong against all arguments are anticipated when he presented his theory in public.
When the report was published in May 1839 FitzRoy, Journals and Notes Darwin's getting rave reviews. Later in the same year, it was the publication of his own writings, sells and is now known as The Voyage of the Beagle (Beagle voyage). In December 1839, when Emma was pregnant for the first time, Darwin returned sick.

The publication of The Origin of Species and controversy.

Darwin wrote about the evolution of ideas in the book Origin of Species (The Origin of Species) which explains the theory of evolution. At first, Darwin hesitate to publish the ideas and observations are very radical, especially at that time, England in Victorian times. Over the years, it stores this idea and just talk with co-workers to believe. One motivation Darwin to finally publish this book is the encouragement of Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace also wrote about a similar idea and send it to Darwin. Darwin advised to expeditiously complete the writing. In 1859, his book The Origin of Species was published and, unexpectedly, become hard and controversial behavior.
Although Darwin did not discuss human evolution openly, the book gets tough challenge, both from the scientific, and the community, especially the church. In this difficult period, Darwin was accompanied by one of his loyal friend, Thomas Huxley, who was nicknamed "Darwin's Bulldog". By telling and sharp, Huxley defended Darwin's theory of attacks. One famous episode is the debate between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce Huxley with.
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DatePublished: December 11, 2014 at 09:13

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Nusantara.

History of the archipelago are events and kingdoms that stand in the World Malay Archipelago or before the embodiment of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, and the Republic of Indonesia. Generally, the history of the shoreline is divided to the ancient or prehistoric, Buddhist Hindu kingdom era, the days of the Islamic empire and the end of the colonial era. After the colonial period, the archipelago broken to the several countries namely Brunei, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and East Timor.

Prehistoric times.

Early humans migrated into the archipelago occurred between 100000-160000 years ago as a partial move "out of Africa". In addition, roughly the 20th century BC, 2000 BC, moved massive entrance to the islands conducted by Austronesian race of Yunnan and they became the ancestors of the tribes in the western islands. They come in two waves, ie, around the year 2500 BC and 1500 BC.
Nation's ancestors have had a pretty good civilization. They will understand how to farm better, seamanship and even astronomy. They also have a system of governance is simple and has a leader (king small). Arrival of Indian immigrants in the centuries before the end of Masihi introduced a system of governance that is more advanced (kingdom) to them, with Dewawarman was the first to introduce a model of governance that is more advanced. Dewawarman also continue and advance the territory under Aki Tirem.

Royal Hindu / Buddhist (0-1500).

Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in the main archipelago.
Borobudur in Java is a testament to the power of Dharma kingdoms in the archipelago.
When the start date of AD, the island was ruled by several Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms. Dharma religion spread by traders who sailed to the Indian archipelago. First Hindu kingdom in the archipelago, by Indian traders note is Dwipa Javanese kingdoms in Java that make up around 200 BC. When, after Yupa inscriptions, the oldest kingdom in the archipelago is air-dates Kutai Kingdom 400 BC.
In the period to 7 until the period to 14, there are two great kingdoms namely the kingdom of Srivijaya and Majapahit kingdom. First the kingdom of Srivijaya kingdom is that debuted unite the archipelago and formed a cultural reference. This is followed by the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit. Hindu influence that survived 14 centuries when Islam first entered the island toward Sumatra.

Sumatra.

Tambayung kingdom Bintan Island Middle Ages 6 -7
First Srivijaya kingdom Mount Dempo
kingdom Keritang
Jambi Malay Kingdom / Kingdom of Dharmasraya / Old Malay Kingdom - Edinburgh
The scale royal Brak
Malay Peninsula
Ganga kingdom State
kingdom of Langkasuka
Kingdom of Pan Pan
Old Kedah kingdom
Kingdom of Chi Tu / Kingdom of Tanah Merah

Java

Salakanagara
kingdom Tarumanagara
Kingdom of Sunda Galuh
kingdom Isyana
Kalinga kingdom
Ancient Mataram Kingdom (Hindu)
Medang Kingdom
Kahuripan
Kediri kingdom
kingdom Kanjuruhan
Janggala
Javanese kingdom Dwipa
kingdom Singhasari
Majapahit Kingdom
kingdom of Padjadjaran
kingdom of Blambangan
Sailendra kingdom
Wijaya Kusuma kingdom in Karimunjawa
kingdom Sanjaya

Borneo

Kutai Kingdom
Kingdom of Po Ni
Banjar Kingdom
Negara Daha
State kingdom Dipa
Kingdom of Cape Castle
Nan kingdom Sarunai
kingdom Kuripan

Vietnam

kingdom of Champa

Islamic empire (1500 - present).

Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago.

Islam first footprint in the archipelago around the period to 11 towards Sumatra if Samudra Pasai empire embraced Islam. The spread of Islam in the archipelago beginning traders do Arabic, Chinese, Indian and Persian. After that, the spread of Islam carried out by Islamic kingdoms country through marriage, local trade and warfare.
In the period to 14, Malacca sultanate developed into the center of the spread of Islam in the archipelago. After the fall of Malacca, the center of the spread of Islam switched to the Sultanate of Aceh in Sumatra. In the past period to 15, almost the entire archipelago had embraced Islam except on the island of Bali, the Philippines and some areas in Borneo, Sulawesi and East Java.

Sumatra.

The scale Kepaksian Brak
Sultanate of Aceh
Sultanate shavings
Myrtle kingdom
Inner Kingdom of Six Parts
kingdom Indragiri
Sultanate of Riau-Lingga
Sultanate of Deli
Sultanate Jambi
Sultanate Pinang City
Sultanate Langkat
Sultanate Pagaruyung
Sultanate of Palembang
Sultanate Serdang
Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura

Pasai

Sultanate Perlak
Malay Peninsula
kingdom Naning
Negeri Sembilan royal
Perlis royal
Sultanate of Johor
Sultanate of Kedah
Kelantan Sultanate
Perak Sultanate
Pahang
Sultanate of Patani
Selangor Sultanate
Sultanate Terengganu
Malacca sultanate

Java.

Sultanate of Banten
Sultanate of Cirebon
Sultanate of Demak
Sultanate Pajang
Sultanate of Mataram
Sultanate Kartasura
Sumedang kingdom bans
Surakarta
Sultanate of Yogyakarta
Mangkunagaran
Duchy Pakualaman

Borneo.

sultanate of Banjar

sultanate of Bulungan

sultanate of Brunei

Kutai

Sambas sultanate

Government TANJUNGPURA

Pontianak Sultanate

Sultanate of Johor Balengkong

Gunung Tabur

sultanate Sambaliung

Sulawesi.

Luwu

Government Wajo

Bone state

sultanate of Buton

sultanate of Gowa

sultanate Soppeng

Philippines.

Government Manila

sultanate of Maguindanao

sultanate of Sulu

Moluccas

sultanate of Ternate

sultanate of Tidore

sultanate baa

Bacan islands

Government Land Hitu

Nusa Tenggara

Bima

sultanate of Bima

sultanate Samawa

European colonization.

European colonization began when the Portuguese captured Malacca in 1511. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Cebu, the Philippines and make the island part of the Spanish empire. In 1565, the entire Philippines fell to Spain and named the Spanish East Indies. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company was established and in 1605, Ambon conquered the Dutch from the Portuguese. Britain also began to tread in the archipelago when Sir Francis Light made a verbal agreement with the Sultan of Kedah to get Penang. Dutch and English then compete to expand their influence in the country and this competition stops when the Anglo Dutch dimaterai 1824. This agreement and the Spanish colonization was a pivotal point in history where Nusantara started disintegrating, of a region united states according to some patron.

Netherlands.

Age of Dutch East India Company (1602 - 1800)

Dutch period (1800 - 1942)

English

East India Company

British Malaya

North Borneo Chartered Company

Figure White

Portuguese

Portuguese Timor

Portuguese Malacca

Spain

Eastern Hindi Spanish

Japan

Japanese Empire / World War II (1942-1945).

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Did you know Henry Dunant.

Dunant as an old man
Born Jean Henri Dunant
May 8, 1828
Geneva, Switzerland
Died October 30, 1910 (age 82)
Heiden, Switzerland
Citizenship Switzerland, France.
Employment social activist, businessman, author
Known as founder of the Red Cross
Religion Calvinism (in the early years of his life)
nonreligious (later)
Parents Jean-Jacques Dunant
Antoinette Dunant-Colladon
Nobel Peace Prize (1901)
Jean Henri Dunant (born May 8, 1828 - died October 30, 1910 at the age of 82 years), which is also known by the name of Henry Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist. When traveling for business in 1859, he witnessed the effects of the Battle of Solferino, a location which today is part of Italy. Memories and experiences that he wrote in a book entitled A Memory of Solferino (Memories of Solferino), which inspired the formation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901, he received the first Nobel Peace Prize, together with Frédéric Passy.

Youth and education Dunant.

Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the first son of businessman Jean-Jacques Dunant and his wife Antoinette Dunant-Colladon. His family are adherents mashab Calvin ('' Calvinist '') are obedient and have a significant influence on society Geneva. Both parents stressed the importance of the value of social activities. His father was active helping orphans and inmates serving parole, while her social activities to help the sick and the poor.

Dunant grew during the religious awakening known as the Réveil. At the age of 18, he joined the Association of Charity Geneva (Geneva Society for Alms Giving). In the following year, with his friends, he founded the association called "Thursday Association", a group of young people without formal membership bonds to meet regularly to study the Bible and help the poor. He spent much of his free time to visit the prison and social activities. On November 30, 1852, Dunant founded the YMCA branch in Geneva. Three years later, he participated in the Paris meeting aimed at forming a YMCA became an international organization.

In 1849, when aged 21, Dunant was forced to leave the Calvin College (Collège Calvin) because of poor academic achievement. He then became an apprentice in the foreign exchange market called Lullin et Sautter. After his apprenticeship finished with good achievement, he was appointed as an employee of the bank.

Algeria.

In 1853, Dunant visited Algeria, Tunisia, and Sicily as assigned by companies that serve "colonies Setif", ie a company called Compagnie genevoise de Colonies de Sétif. Despite the lack of experience, Dunant successfully complete the assignment satisfactorily. Inspired by the travel experience, Dunant for the first time to write a book, which he titled Notice sur la Régence de Tunis (Story about Regensi in Tunisia). This book was published in 1858.

In 1856, Dunant founded the company that operates in the overseas colonies and, after obtaining land concessions from Algeria when it was under French occupation, he also founded the plantation and trading company called Société Financière corn et industrielle des Moulins des Mons -Djémila (Corporate Finance and Industry Grinding Mons-Djémila). However, land and water rights promised not being clearly defined, while the colonial authorities in Algeria also be less cooperative. Therefore, Dunant decided to ask for help directly to the Emperor Napoleon III of France, which when it was in Lombardi with his troops. France was fighting on the side of Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, which when it occupied much of the region today called Italy. Napoleon's headquarters is located in the small town of Solferino. Dunant wrote a book whose content is full of flattery and praise for Napoleon III for he had given to the emperor. Then he traveled to Solferino to meet personally with Napoleon III.

Battle of Solferino.

Dunant arrived in Solferino on the evening of June 24, 1859, just as the battle between the two sides had just finished. About 38 thousand soldiers lying on the battlefield in a state of wounded, dying, or dead, and there had been no significant effort made to provide care to them. In a state of shocked at the sight, Dunant took the initiative to mobilize the local civilian population, especially women, to provide aid to the wounded and sick soldiers. Because the supply of equipment and medicines needed inadequate, Dunant himself arranged the purchase of the required material and helped set up a makeshift hospital. He managed to convince local residents to serve the injured regardless of which side they fought, in accordance with the slogan "Tutti fratelli" (We are all brothers) are created by women from the town of Castiglione delle Stiviere not far from that place. He also managed to persuade the French to liberate doctors that their captive Austria.

Red Cross.

Upon his return to Geneva in early July, Dunant decided to write a book about his experience, which he later gave the title Un Souvenir de Solferino (Memories of Solferino). This book was published in 1862 by the number of 1,600 copies, printed on Dunant's own expense. In this book, Dunant depicts the battle that happens, the various costs of the fighting, and the chaotic circumstances caused. He also put forward the idea of the need to establish a neutral organization to provide care to wounded soldiers. This book he shared with many political and military leaders in Europe.

Dunant also embark on a journey across Europe to promote his ideas. The book received a very positive response. President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare (Geneva Association for Public Welfare), which is a lawyer named Gustave Moynier, lift this book with suggestions Dunant in it as a topic of its meeting on February 9, 1863. The members of these organizations assess posals Dunant's proposal and provide a positive assessment. They then formed a committee consisting of five people to explore further the possibility of realizing the ideas Dunant, and Dunant was appointed as a member of this committee. These four other members of this committee is to Gustave Moynier, the Swiss army general named Henri Dufour, and two doctors were respectively named Louis Appia and Théodore Maunoir. The Committee held its first meeting on February 17, 1863, which is now regarded as the date of the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

From the beginning, Moynier and Dunant disagree and wrangled over the vision and plan their own, and their disagreement was increasingly large. Dunant Moynier considered the idea of the need for protection set neutrality for the caregiver as difficult to accept the idea that sense as well as advising Dunant to not insist impose the concept. However, Dunant continued to advocate the establishment in every trip and in every conversation with officials of high-level political and military. It's getting mempersengit personal conflict between Moynier, who wears a pragmatic approach to the project, and Dunant, which is a visionary idealist among the five members of the Committee. In the end, Moynier tried to attack and thwart Dunant when Dunant run for the position of chairman of the Committee.

In October 1863, 14 countries participated in the meeting organized by the Committee in Geneva to discuss the improvement of care for wounded soldiers. However, Dunant himself only became head of protocol at the meeting as a result of efforts to minimize his role Moynier. A year later, on August 22, 1864, a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss Parliament led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12 countries. For this conference was, Dunant only served as a regulator of accommodation for the participants.

Forgotten past.

Business Dunant in Algeria declined, partly because of his devotion to the ideals of humanistic own. In April 1867, the bankruptcy of the financial firm Crédit Genevois led to a scandal involving Dunant. He was forced to declare bankruptcy and convicted by the Geneva Trade Court on August 17, 1868 on deceptive practices in the bankruptcy case. His family and many of his friends are very affected by Crédit Genevois bankrutnya because they invested heavily in this company. Society in Geneva, a city with a deep-rooted tradition Calvin, became upset and excited that emerged calls for Dunant resigned from the International Committee of the Red Cross.

On August 25, 1868, he resigned from his post as Secretary of the Committee and, on September 8, he is completely removed from the Committee. Moynier, who became President of the Committee since 1864, played a major role in getting rid of the Committee Dunant.

In February 1868, Dunant's mother died. At the end of that year, Dunant was also expelled from the YMCA. In March 1867, he left his hometown, Geneva, and never go back there again. In the following years, Moynier apparently trying to use his influence to ensure that Dunant not to receive help or support from his friends. For example, the gold medal prize Sciences Morales at the Paris World Fair not be given to Dunant as planned, but given to Moynier, Dufour, and Dunant together so that all the prize money is rightfully Committee. Napoleon III's bid to take over half of Dunant's debt obligations to the terms of friends Dunant guarantee repayment of the other half was also thwarted by Moynier effort.

Dunant moved to Paris and lived there in a state of lack. However, he continues to embody the idea and plan of humanity. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), he founded the Joint Humanitarian Aid Association ('' Allgemeine Fürsorgegesellschaft '') and, shortly afterwards, he founded the Joint Alliance for Order and Civilization ('' Allianz für Allgemeine und Ordnung Zivilisation ''). Dunant argue about the need for the disarmament talks and the need to set up an international court to mediate international conflicts. Later, he sought the formation of the library world, an idea which has echoes in various projects in the future, among other UNESCO.

In the never-ending effort to advocate and realize ideas, Dunant increasingly ignoring his personal financial situation so that he is getting in debt and shunned by his acquaintances. Although appointed as an honorary member of the Red Cross Society of Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia, and Spain, he was almost forgotten in the course of official Red Cross Movement, even when the movement is growing rapidly to other countries. Dunant lived in poverty and move where between 1874-1886, including Stuttgart, Rome, Korfu, Basel, and Karlsruhe. In Stuttgart, Dunant met students at the University Tübingan (Tübingen University) named Rudolf Müller and then close friends with him. In 1881, together with a number of friends from Stuttgart, Dunant for the first time go to Heiden, a resort village in Switzerland. In 1887, while living in London, he began receiving monthly financial assistance from a number of distant relatives. It allows him to live in a more secure financial condition. Dunant moved to Heiden in July 1887 and stayed in the village for the rest of his life. Since April 30 1892, he was living in hospitals and nursing homes, led by Dr. Hermann Altherr.

In Heiden, he met a young teacher named Wilhelm Sonderegger and his wife Susanna. They encouraged him to record his life experiences. Sonderegger's wife founded the Red Cross branch in Heiden and, in 1890, Dunant became honorary president of the branch. With the Sonderegger, Dunant hoped to promote his ideas further, including publishing a new edition of his book. However, their friendship later became strained by Dunant catapult unwarranted accusations that Sonderegger, along with Moynier in Geneva, conspire against it. Sonderegger died in 1904, at the age of just reached 42 years. Despite their strained relationship, Dunant was deeply moved by the death Sonderegger was unexpected. Admiration Wilhelm and Susanna Sonderegger on Dunant, who kept them feel even though Dunant hurl accusations, passed on to their children. In 1935, their son, namely René, published a collection of letters written to his father Dunant.

Return the public mind.

In September, 1895, Georg Baumberger, the chief editor of Die Ostschweiz, a newspaper published in St. Gall, wrote an article about the founder of the Red Cross, who had met and talked with him when they were strolling in Heiden a month earlier. The article entitled "Henri Dunant, founder of the Red Cross" (Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross) and appeared in a magazine published by the German pictorial, Über Land und Meer. With this article immediately reproduced in various other media across Europe. The article received rave reviews so Dunant back attention and public support. He then received the Prize Binet-Fendt Switzerland and a letter of Pope Leo XIII. Thanks to the assistance of the Russian czar's widow, Maria Feodorovna namely, and other donations from various parties, Dunant's financial situation has greatly improved.

In 1897, Rudolf Müller, who was already working as a teacher in Stuttgart, wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross. The contents of this book changed the official history of the Red Cross by emphasizing the role Dunant. This book also includes the text "Memories of Solferino." Dunant began Bertha von Suttner corresponded with and write a lot of articles and other writings. He was especially active in writing about women's rights. In 1897, Dunant facilitated the establishment of the "Green Cross" (Green Cross), an organization of women's short-lived and only active in Brussels.

Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1901, Dunant received the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded the first ever, that for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiate the process of formation of the Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had received a copy of Müller's writing a book, advocated Dunant case to the Nobel Committee. The prize is awarded to a joint gift Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a French peace activist who founded the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization (Alliance for Order and Civilization). Official congratulations Dunant finally received from the International Committee of the Red Cross represents the rehabilitation of Dunant:

"Nothing is more worthy to receive this honor, because it is you who forty years ago founded the international organization of humanitarian aid to the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the Red Cross, which is the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth century, would never have been attempted. "

Moynier and the International Committee of the Red Cross as a whole was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Although Dunant gained widespread support among the selection process, he remains a controversial candidate. Some argue that the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions makes war more attractive and tempting to alleviate some of the suffering caused by war. Therefore, Müller in his letter to the Nobel Committee expressed the opinion that the prize should be divided between Dunant and Passy, who had become the leading candidate to be the sole recipient of the prize in the debate that occurred during the selection process. Müller also suggested that if the Dunant deemed worthy to receive the Nobel Prize, the prize needs to be given to him in view of his advanced age and health condition has deteriorated.

Nobel Committee decision to split the prize between Passy, a man of peace, and Dunant, a humanitarian, a precedent for the requirements regarding the selection of the Nobel Peace Prize recipient a significant impact on subsequent years. One part in Nobel's will stated that the peace prize to be given to those who seek to reduce or eliminate the troops and equipment (standing armies) or attempt to direct SCARA promote peace conference. This is what makes Passy naturally selected to be recipients of the prize thanks to his efforts in the field of peace. Awarding the Nobel Prize for efforts in the humanitarian field alone would be a very striking, and it is considered by some parties as overly broad interpretation on Nobel's will. However, the other part in Nobel's will assign prizes for the best performers in improving "human brotherhood" (the brotherhood of people). It could be interpreted more generally as a message that humanitarian efforts as done by Dunant was also linked to peace efforts. Nobel Peace Prize in subsequent years its many were put into one of two categories for the first time established by the 1901 decision of the Nobel Committee.

Hans Daae managed to put the prize money to be part Dunant, amounting to 104,000 Swiss francs, in a bank in Norway and prevent the money accessible to creditors Dunant. Dunant himself never wore the slightest of money in his life.

Death and legacy.

Among several other awards received by Dunant in subsequent years was an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, which he received in 1903. Dunant lived in a nursing home in Heiden until his death. In the last years of his life, he suffered from depression and fear (paranoia) that he keeps sought by creditors and Moynier. Dunant even sometimes urged the nursing home cook to taste first food rations before him so that he is protected from the possibility of being poisoned. Though he still believes Christians, Dunant in the last years of his life refused and attacked Calvinism and organized religion (organized religion) in general.

According to the care of her interpreter, the last action performed in his life Dunant was sent a copy of a book written by Müller to the queen of Italy accompanied by a letter of introduction from Dunant himself. Dunant died on October 30, 1910, and his last words are "Where the disappearance of humanity?" Dunant died just two months after his nemesis, Moynier. Although the ICRC congratulated on giving the Nobel Prize Dunant, the two rivals never reconciled. 

As he wishes, Dunant was buried without ceremony in the Sihlfeld Cemetery in Zurich. In his will, he donated money to provide a "free bed" in a nursing home in Heiden, which should always be available for the region's poor. He also gave some money, through a notary deed, to his friends and to charitable organizations in Norway and Switzerland. The rest of the money he gave to the creditors so that most of the debt is paid off. Dunant's inability to fully repay its debts become a big burden to him until the day of his death.

Birthday, May 8, is celebrated as the Day of the Red Cross and Red Crescent World ('' World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day ''). Heiden nursing home that used to contain it is now a museum of Henry Dunant. In Geneva and other cities there are a lot of roads, courts, and schools are named after him. Henry Dunant Medal, which is awarded every two years by the Standing Committee of the Red Cross Movement and the International Red Cross, the highest award bestowed by the Movement. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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Greatest kingdoms.

As if the greatest empire in the world? Do you already know the biggest empire? maybe some of you already know, and some also may not know. A royal enlarge the power to expand its territory. A great empire views of the area, many residents, how long the kingdom it stands, the kingdom's economic and other factors such as laws and laws.

Some of the kingdom of the world's largest ever established :

Roman Empire (27 BC-1453).

This kingdom has type Aristokastik and territory covers around the Mediterranean and Europe. The kingdom began to fall apart when a lot of the civil war going on. System of government changed from Republic to Empire when the election of a dictator Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Began when the expanding Roman territory republican system of government. However, when the system of government is the kingdom, the Roman increasingly advanced and reached its heyday during the emperor Trajan breadth sampa 6.5 million square kilometers. Due to the length of this royal stand, religion, and all that is in this kingdom existed until today.

The Akkadian Empire (2400 BC-2200 BC).

The Akkadian kingdom centered in Akkad or ancient Iraq. Akkadian nation is the ancestor of the Babylonian and Assyrian. The heyday of the country in 24 and 22 BC. This kingdom is considered as the first monarch to exist on earth with a total area of 0.8 million square kilometers.

United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom is a kingdom that has a very broad area that until reaching 33 million square km. This kingdom is very broad because it consists of domini, colonies, prektoran and mandate. In 1922, 1/4 of the Earth's population is in the British empire with a total of 450 million inhabitants. British Empire has the largest military force in history.

The Kingdom of Ethiopia

The kingdom was established in the year 1270 when the dynasty Solomonid dropped Zagwe dynasty and declared King Solomon as king for Habesha population. From there, the dynasty became the master Ethiopian empire. Approaching 1895, Italy declared war on the Kingdom of Ethiopia. In 1935, Benito Mussolini led Italy to attack Ethiopian troops for 7 months and finally Italy announced his victory. Years 1936-1941, the Italian master of this region.

The Kingdom of Kanem

Kanem kingdom stands around 700 and lasted until 1376. The kingdom was located this area now called Chad, Libya, and most of Niger. Zaghawa population was first declared the capital in the year 700 in the city N'jimi. The kingdom was divided into two dynasties: Duguwa and Sayfawa who brought Islam into this kingdom. Bulala occupied N'jimi and eventually take over the kingdom of Kanem.

The Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire is a fraction of the Western Roman Empire at the command directly from the Roman Catholic Church. Its name is derived from the fact that the emperor selected based on elections and embedded crown by the pope in Rome. The empire survived from the year 962 until 1806. Empire began when Otto I declare himself as King of Germany. This imperial master 300 region. In 1648, the kingdom has fragmented.

Silla

Silla was founded in 57 BC and include North and South Korea. Kin Park Hyeokgeose the first king and master the four kingdoms along the Korean Peninsula. And the Chinese Tang Dynasty and the Kingdom of Silla fought in the 7th century but Silla can defeat it.

The Kingdom of the Republic of Venice

Venice is famous for its royal navy which has controlled the region from Europe to the Mediterranean with important cities such as Cyprus and Crete in it. Venice ruled 1,100 years, from 697 to 1797. The kingdom was established when the Western Roman Empire fell into the hands of Italy. The Kingdom of Piedmont fall when the city fell into the hands of France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. When Napoleon give an ultimatum, the Doge Ludovico Manin surrendered in 1797 and Venice was under the rule of Napoleon.

The Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Kush survived from 1070 BC to AD 350, now known as the Republic of the Sudan. The kingdom was highly dependent on wood as the main export commodities because it is difficult to trade in iron and gold. Allegedly this empire collapse under attack from the desert tribes, but scientists believe the collapse due to deforestation is done so that their wood supply is running low. So to say the Kingdom of Kush undermines itself by removing timber for the industry without any mitigation.

Eastern Roman Empire

Roman Empire is not only the most famous work in the history of the kingdom, but also the longest. This kingdom survived in various eras, but precisely from 27 BC until 1453 to last for 1480 years old. This royal master the Mediterranean region to Italy. Western Roman Empire broke out in 476 when Romulus Augustus rid Germany of the seat of empire, but the Eastern Roman Empire survived.
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Opium circulation history.

What's opium, opium, or opium? Opium poppy is the term called narcotic sap raw material obtained from the fruit of opium (Papaver somniferum L. or P. paeoniflorum) immature. Opium is a seasonal crop can be cultivated only in the mountains of the subtropical region. Plant height is only about one meter. The leaves are oblong with a serrated edge. Long-stemmed poppies and out of the end of the branch. One stalk consists of only one flower petals crowned with white, purple, with a base of white and bright red. Very beautiful poppy Papaver up to several species commonly used as an ornamental plant. Fruits of opium in the form of spheres of green colored ping pong balls.

The history of opium began in 3400 BC when farmers began to plant it in Mesopotamia bottom. Since then, the population has been growing and use opium as a drug and as a medicine in the field of medicine, according to the website House of Opium, a museum in the province of Chiang Rai in Thailand.

The influence of opium in Asia is huge. British state interests in the profits from the opium trade has sparked two wars with China in the 1800s. Opium, which is often called "Black Gold," is so valuable that people often use gold as a substitute for money in trade. In the late 1900s, the same trade creates what is known as the Golden Triangle.

The region, which was named by the opium traders, covering parts of three countries: Thailand, Laos and Burma which covers more than 100,000 square kilometers of mountains and forming a triangle or the like. Two major rivers, the Mekong and Ruak, joined in the middle of the area.

To this day, "drugs entering Cambodia from the Golden Triangle area along the borders of Thailand, Laos and Burma," then through Cambodia to Thailand and Vietnam for export, "according to a book published in 2010 entitled Issues for Engagement: Asian Perspectives on Transnational Security Challenges (Problems To cite this Agreement: Asian views Regarding Security Challenges Friendlies). Golden Triangle countries have matured in making and distributing drugs, according to a book released by the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (Asia-Pacific Institute for Security Studies) it. For example, "the hidden laboratory supported by an organized crime syndicate made drugs in the areas of Cambodia are sparsely populated," the statement said of the book, and borders are porous fishing smugglers to pass through the forests remote. "

Thailand is "a transfer of cargo and a net importer of amphetamine type stimulants," according to the International Narcotics Control Policy report from the US State Department in 2010. According to the report, methamphetamine trafficked from Burma over the border of northern Thailand for export internationally. The possibility of drugs brought from Burma through Laos and Thailand across the Mekong River to enter, according to the report, adding that the smugglers also take him to the south through Laos to the Cambodian where they entered through the Thai-Cambodian border.

The number of methamphetamine tablets were distributed from the Golden Triangle has also increased in number, according to the report. In 2008 for example, the Chinese authorities in Yunnan province have seized methamphetamine as much as 2.4 tons.


Moreover, China and India is a major producer of ephedra and pseudoephedrine, which are used illegally in the manufacture of methamphetamine, according to the report. Then how the opium crop development in Indonesia, especially after India were able to sell opium to turn it into methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine, opium became sales are growing fast? In Indonesia opium began to enter the Dutch colonial era the 1980s. At that time the invaders get this opium from India and then sold to the public at large.

There are two ways that the current opium sales through auction sales to countries and ports throughout Indonesia. At that time, the high price of opium resulted in many smuggled opium.

Luckily, the negative influence of opium can be immediately realized the Dutch government. In other source javaaction.org mentioned in the 1900s, the Dutch government began to ban the people of Indonesia and its people to consume opium.

Still, sales of opium by the state and the owner of the land to the city was made considering the value of the sale of opium.

Entering the new millennium, the war on drugs such as opium and started on the increase. This is realized with the establishment of the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) are committed to prevent the spread of drugs to meet the target of a drug-free Indonesia in 2015.

History of opium in Asia

1600s Population Persia and India eat and drink foods that contain a mixture of opium for the purpose of fun. Portuguese traders brought opium from India to China.

1700s The Dutch export of Indian opium to China and islands in Southeast Asia. Traders were also introduced by sucking opium poppy using tobacco pipe to the Chinese people. Opium dominate Shanghai 1907

In 1729 the Chinese Emperor Yung Cheng issued a ban on opium suck and sales in the country, except with a permit for treatment purposes.

1767 import figures of British East India Co. to China to achieve a surprising number of 2,000 chests annually. One crate can load 60 kilograms of raw opium.

1811 Thai King Rama II banned the sale and use of opium.

1839 Thai King Rama III introduced the death penalty for large dealers opium poppy but the problem proved to be too wide for the officers to be eradicated.

1842 England beat China in the First Opium War between 1839 to 1842. After the British forced the Chinese to keep open lines of the opium trade, China handed Hong Kong to Britain. Hong Kong developed into an important place for the transfer of Indian opium to enter the Chinese market is very large.

1856 The British and French resumed their hostilities against China in the Second Opium War, between 1856 to 1860. At the end of the struggle, the import of opium is legalized. In 1860, China began to grow opium itself in very much.

In 1898 Heinrich Dreser, who worked for Bayer Co. in Elberfeld, Germany, finds that diluting morphine with asetyl produce a drug without side effects. Bayer began making diasetylmorfin and named it "heroin", from the German word meaning heroisch heroic (acts like a hero). Heroin is not introduced in general over the next three years.

1900s A generous institutions U.S. Saint James Society organized a campaign to provide free samples of heroin through the mail to morphine addicts who are trying to quit. Britain and France succeeded in overseeing the manufacture of opium in Southeast Asia. This area, known as the Golden Triangle, and a major player in the lucrative opium trade in the 1940s.

1910 After 150 years failed in an attempt to liberate their country from opium, the Chinese managed to persuade the British to thwart the opium trade between India and China.

In the 1940s the Second World War cut off the flow of opium from India and Persia. Worried about losing his opium trade monopoly, the French encourage Hmong farmers from the mountains of southern China to expand the manufacture of opium.

1948 Burma gained independence from Britain at the end of the Second World War. Planting and growing opium trade in Shan area.

1950s U.S. trying to contain the spread of Communism in Asia by forging collaboration with tribes and leaders who inhabit the Golden Triangle area, so it provides a smooth relationship and protection along the Chinese border. In the mid 1950s, the KMT, a Chinese Nationalist Party, fled to areas around the Golden Triangle after the defeat of Communist China. To finance his goal against Communist aggression, KMT persuade the Burmese hill tribe farmers to plant more opium. Burma as part of the Golden Triangle opium increase manufacture as much as 10 to 20-fold, from 30 tons to 300-600 tons.

1960s The Southeast Asian opium merchants set up factories first heroin refineries in the mid 1960s in the hills of Laos, across the Mekong from Chiang Khong in Thailand. Then, they build more factories again in the Thai-Burma border.

1972 Warlord Khun Sa Burma export control heroin from the Golden Triangle, which became the main source of raw opium in the lucrative drug trade.

1978 Outbreak of heroin declined. The search for the source of the raw material of opium to the Sierra Madre in Mexico. "Mexican Mud" to temporarily replace heroin "China White" until 1978. In the same year, the US government and Mexico to spray poppy fields with herbicides that decrease the amount of "Mexican Mud" in the US To cover the shortage of supply, the area "Golden Crescent" (Golden Crescent) in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan improve the manufacture and trade of illicit heroin.

In 1988, Burma's military leaders to promote the establishment of opium under the rules of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (Restoration Council Law and Orders). U.S. suspect that a number of the largest shipment of 2,400 pounds of heroin were seized in Thailand, with the goal of New York, comes from the Golden Triangle.

1993 Thai Army with the help of the Bureau of Law Enforcement US Drugs launch activities destruction of thousands of acres of poppy cultivation in the Golden Triangle area.

1995 Golden Triangle has become a major opium producer, produces 2,500 tons annually. According to experts the US illicit drug, the drug dealers have created a new crossing paths from Burma through Laos to the southern part of China, Cambodia and Vietnam. For comparison, the harvest in 1987 in Burma reached 836 tons of raw opium; in 1995 the result increased to 2,340 tons.

1999 Afghanistan produces abundant harvest as much as 4,600 tons of opium. U.N. Drug Control Programme (United Nations Drug Control Programme) estimates that Afghanistan produces 75 percent of the heroin in the world.

2002 U.N. Drug Control and Crime Prevention Agency (Bureau of Drug Control and Crime Prevention UN) announced that Afghanistan is again the world's largest opium producer.

In 2003 North Korea effort to enter the Australian market with heroin trafficking heroin supported by the state government having trouble.

2006 U.N. Office on Drugs and Crimes (Bureau of Drug Control and Crime UN) reported that the harvest of opium in Afghanistan in 2006 will reach 6,100 metric tons - the highest achievement in the world. This figure represents 92 percent of the world's opium supply.

2007 King of opium and former leader of a breakaway from the Shan in the Golden Triangle area, Khan SA, died. He lived from 1933 to 2007. At its peak, the kingdom of narcotics Khun Sa regulate the manufacture of approximately one-quarter of the world's heroin supply.

In 2010 Despite the decrease regularly poppy cultivation during the last three years, Burma remains the second largest opium producer in the world after Afghanistan and produce as much as 330 metric tons, or 17 percent of the world's supply last year, according to "The World Drug Report 2010" from UN.

Many of us have encountered because of the effects of drug use and all kinds of opium. So our awareness of the dangers of these drugs need to be improved and more prudent to say SAY NO to DRUGS.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/opium-circulation-history.html
DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 17:01

Tag : Opium circulation history, Opium, Candu, Drug

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About History.

History (Greek: ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past, particularly how it relates to humans. In Indonesian history chronicle, saga, history, or legend can be defined as events and events that actually occurred in the past or origin (ancestry) pedigree, especially the kings who ruled. It is a general term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about this event. This term includes cosmic, geology, and history of living things, but often generally defined as human history. Scholars who write about history are called historians or historians. The events that occurred before the written record called Prehistory.
History can also refer to the academic field that uses a narrative to examine and analyze the sequence of events of the past, and objectively determine the pattern of cause and effect that determine them. Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness to discuss the study of the history of science as an end in itself and as a way to provide a "view" on the issue today.
Common story to a particular culture, but not supported by external parties (such as stories about King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage or legend, because they do not support the "investigation interested" required of the discipline of history. Herodotus, the 5th century BC Greek historian in Western society is regarded as the "father of history", and, together with contemporary Thucydides, helped form the basis for the modern study of human history. Gait they continue to be read today and the gap between Herodotus and Thucydides military culture that focuses remains a point of contention or approach in the writing of modern history. In the Eastern tradition, a history of Chun Qiu country known to be compiled start since 722 BC, although the texts of the 2nd century BC survivors.
Ancient influence has helped interpretation seed variant nature of history that has evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. Modern study of history began to spread, and include the study of certain areas and certain topical studies or thematic element in historical inquiry. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major science research at the University.

Etymology.

Painting with the title History or History by Frederick Dielman (1896)
The word history literally comes from the Arabic word (شجرة: šajaratun) which means tree. In the Arabic language, the history is called dates (تاريخ). The dates in the Indonesian word meaning less is the time or calendar. History says is closer to the Greek historia, which means science or intelligent. Then in English into history, which means that the human past. Another word that is approaching the reference is Geschichte which means it happened.
In terms of European languages, the origin of the terms used in the history of Indonesian literature there are several variations, however, many who recognize that the term originated history-genesis, in Greek historia. In English known to history, French historie storia Italian, German geschichte, which means that happened, and the Dutch are known gescheiedenis.
This term entered in English in 1390 with the meaning of "relations of events, the story". In Middle English, means "story" in general. Restrictions on the meaning of "record of past events" appears at the end of the 15th century. It was still in the Greek sense at that time Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about "Natural History". him, historia was "the knowledge of the object is determined by space and time", so that kind of knowledge is provided by Memory (while science is provided by sense, and poetry is provided by fantasy).
Given the significance of language from various languages above may be emphasized that the notion of history concerning the time and events. Therefore, the problem of time is important in understanding the events, historians tend to overcome this problem by making a periodization.
In a linguistic expression of synthetic vs. analytic / isolation dichotomy, (史 vs. 诌) now appoint a different word for human history or stories in general. In Germany, France, and most Germanic and Romance languages, the same word is used for the use of the word "history" and "story".
adjective historical evidenced from 1661, and historic of 1669.
Historian in meaning a "researcher of history" from 1531. evidenced in all the languages of Europe, "history" is still used to use the word "what happened to the man", and "scientific studies that happened", the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, "History", or the word historiography.

Understanding the history, according to experts.

J.V. Bryce.

History is a record of what has been thought, said, and done by humans.

W.H. Walsh.

The history focuses on the meaning and importance of recording only for humans. Note that include actions and human experiences in the past on things that are important so that a meaningful story.

Patrick Gardiner.

History is the study of what has been done by humans.

Ruslan Abdulgani.

This science is a branch of science that systematically examine and investigate the overall development of society and humanity in the past as well as events with a view to then assess critically all the research results, to further serve the treasury guidelines for the assessment and determination of the present state and direction of the future.

Moh. Yamin.

History is a science that is prepared on the results of investigation of several events that can be proven with material reality.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406).

History is defined as a record of the general public human or human civilization happens to the character / nature of the society.

R. Moh. Ali.

Moh. Ali in his book Introduction to History of Indonesia, reinforce the notion of history as follows:
The number of changes, events or events in reality around us.
The story of changes, events, or events in the reality around us.
Science in charge of investigating changes, events, and or events in reality around us.
From the above description made some simple conclusion that history is a science that studies all events or events that have occurred in the past in the life of mankind. In human life, historical events is an event that is timeless, unique, and important.
Events lasting
Historical events did not change and still remembered for all time.
Unique event
Historical events happened only once and never repeated exactly the same for the second time.
Important events
Historical events have meaning in determining people's lives.

Classification.

Because the scope of history is very large, need a good classification to facilitate research. If some writers like H.G. Wells, Will Durant, Ariel Durant and write history in the public sphere, most historians have the expertise and specialization of each.
There are many ways to sort the information in history, among others:
Based on the period of time (chronological).
By region (geographical).
Based on the state (national).
Based on ethnic groups (ethnic).
By topic or subject (topical).
In the sorting, should be considered how the writing like seeing the limits of temporal and spatial theme itself. If it is not specified, then the historian may be stuck to the philosophy of the other sciences, such as sociology. This is why Kant is touted as the Father of Sociology mock history as a "stylist bricks" of sociological facts.
Many people who criticize the science of history. The critics see history as something that is not scientific because it does not meet the scientific factors, especially the factor "can be seen or try again", meaning that history is only seen as mere knowledge, not a science. Actually, this view is not acceptable to common sense because history can be repeated even impossible at all costs because history only happens once for ever. Although it's got such a challenge, the science of history continues to grow and show keeksisannya the level of science.

The historical record.

Historians get information about the past from various sources, such as written or printed notes, currency or other artifacts, buildings and monuments, as well as from interviews (which is often referred to as "the history of storytelling", or oral history in English). For modern history, the major sources of historical information are: photographs, moving images (eg a movie), audio, and video recordings. Not all of these sources can be used to study the history, because it depends on periodeyang want researched or studied. Research also relies on historiography history, or historical perspective, different from one another.
There are many reasons why people keep and maintain records of history, including: administrative reasons (eg, census purposes, tax records, and records of trade), for political reasons (in order to give praise or criticism on the country's leaders, politicians, or important people), religious reasons, the arts, sports achievement (for example: the Olympic record), note descent (genealogy), personal records (eg correspondence), and entertainment.
However, in the writing of history, these resources need to be sorted out. This method is called by critics source. Criticism source is divided into two kinds, namely external and internal. External criticism is criticism that the first should be done by historians when he wrote his work, especially if the source of history in the form of objects. Namely by looking validisasi physical form of the work, ranging from the shape, color and anything that can be seen physically. Medium internal criticism is criticism that seen from the contents of the source, whether justifiable or not.
Interviews were also used as a source of history. However, it should also act critical historians both in sorting through translational sources to digital or paper form.

In the past, research on the history limited to the study of written records or history told. However, along with the increasing number of professional academic and formation of a new branch of science of the 19th century and 20, there is also a new historical information. Archeology, anthropology, and other branches of social sciences continue to provide new information, as well as offering new theories about human history. Many historians are asking: if the branches of science, including the science of history, because the study was not conducted solely upon the written records? A new term, namely nirleka, stated. The term "prehistoric" is used to classify the branch of science that examines the period before the invention of the written historical record.
In the 20th century, the separation between history and prehistory complicates research. Historians time it tried to examine more than just the usual narrative political history of their use. They tried to examine the use of new approaches, such as the approach to economic history, social, and cultural. Everything needs a variety of sources. In addition, experts such as V. Gordon Childe prehistoric use archeology to explain many important events in places that are usually included in the scope of history (and not pure prehistoric). Such separation is also criticized for the exclusion of several civilizations, such as those found in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus.
Finally, slowly over the past few decades, the separation between history and prehistory have largely been eliminated.
Now, no one knows exactly when history began. In general history is known as the study of what is known about the past of mankind (even though they had almost no separation between history and prehistory, there is a new field of science known as the Great History). Now what resources that can be used to find out about something that happened in the past (for example: the telling of history, linguistics, genetics, etc.), be accepted as a legitimate source by most historians.

Historiography.

Historiography is a science that investigates and parse the historical information based on belief systems and philosophies. Although of course there is some bias (subjective opinion) essential in all historical research (one of the biggest of which is the national subjectivity), history can be learned from the ideological standpoint, for example: Marxist historiography.
There is also a subjunctive history (speculation about history), known as "virtual history" or "counter-factual history" (ie: the history of the opposite story - or counter - with facts). There are some historians who use this method to study and explore the possibilities that exist when an event does not take place or the opposite takes place. This is similar to the type of alternate history fiction.

Methods of historical study.

Leading historians who helped develop the method of historical studies, among others: Leopold von Ranke, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Rudolf Geoffrey Elton, GM Trevelyan, and AJP Taylor. In the 1960s, historians began to leave the historical narrative that is both epic nationalistic, and choose to use a chronological narrative that is more realistic.
Historians of France introduced the method of quantitative history. This method uses a large amount of data and information to explore the lives of people in history.
Historians of America, especially those inspired era and the civil rights movement, trying to better engage ethnic groups, ethnic, racial, and social and economic groups in the study of history.
In this kebelakangan few years, scientists postmodernism loudly questioning the validity and need to be examined whether history. According to them, history merely personal and subjective interpretation on historical sources that exist. In his book In Defense of History (trans: Vindication History), Richard J. Evans, a professor of modern history at the University of Cambridge in the UK, defended the importance of history to the public assessment.

Learn from history.

The history of science is a topic that is very interesting. Not only that, history also teaches things that are very important, especially regarding: the success and failure of our leaders, economic system ever, forms of government, and other important things in human life throughout history. From history, we can learn anything that affects the progress and fall of a nation or a civilization. We can also learn about the background reasons of political activity, the influence of social philosophy, and cultural point of view and technology are manifold, throughout the ages.
One of the most famous quote about the history and importance of learning about the history written by a philosopher from Spain, George Santayana. He said: "Those who do not know his past, are condemned to repeat it."
German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel argues in his thinking about the history: "It is taught by history and experience: that humans and governments have never learned anything from history, or the principles learned from it." This sentence is repeated by statesmen of Great Britain, Winston Churchill, said: "The only thing we learn from history is that we do not really learn from it."
Winston Churchill, who was also a former journalist and an author of the influential memoir, had also said, "History will be kind to me, because I'm going to write it." But apparently, he was not literally refer to his writings, but merely repeating a quote about famous historical philosophy: "History is written by the victors." That is, often the winner of a humanitarian conflict becomes more powerful than his subjects. Therefore, he was able to leave a trail of history - and the historical fact - according to what they feel is right.
Another view of the state that the power of history is so large that may not be changed by human effort. Or, although there may be able to change the course of history, the people in power are usually too distracted by their own problems so fail to see the overall picture.
There is still another view which states that history never repeats itself, because each is a unique historical event. In this case, there are many factors that lead to the occurrence of an event in history; maybe not all of these factors appear and repeated again. Thus, the knowledge that has been held on an event in the past can not be perfectly applied to events in the present. But many consider that this view is not entirely true, because the lessons of history still can and should be taken of any historical event. If a general conclusion can be drawn from these events closely, then this conclusion can be an important lesson. For example: natural disaster emergency response performance can continue and should be improved; although each occurrence of natural disasters is, by itself, is unique. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/about-history.html
DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 16:21

Tag : About History.

Code : 42S4EUXRR3UM