Born Charles Robert Darwin
February 12, 1809
The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
Died 19 April 1882 (age 73)
Houses Down, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom
Places to stay British
British citizenship
Nationality United Kingdom
Royal Medal Award (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Couple Emma Darwin (1839 - 1882)
Charles Robert Darwin (born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, December 12, 1809 - died in Downe, Kent, England, 19 April 1882 at the age of 72 years) was an English naturalist who laid the foundation for his revolutionary theory of modern evolutionary theory and principles lineage same (common descent) by proposing natural selection as a mechanism. This theory is now considered an integral component of biology (life sciences).
He developed his interest in natural history when he initially studied medicine, and then theology, at university. Sea journey across the world for five years aboard the HMS Beagle subsequent writings made him a leading geologist and writer famous. Biological observations led him to study about the transmutation of species and he developed his theory of natural selection in 1838. Due fully aware that other people who put forward ideas heretical as it suffered severe punishment, he simply convey this research to friends closest. However, he continued his research by recognizing the emergence of various objections to the results. However, in 1858 the information that Alfred Russel Wallace also find a similar theory prompted him to issue joint of Darwin's theory.
His book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to The Origin of Species) (1859) is his most famous until now. This book describes the evolution through the same lineage as the dominant scientific explanation of the diversity in nature. Darwin was named a Fellow of the Royal Society, continued his research, and wrote a series of books about plants and animals, including humans, and that stands out is The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Last book is about earthworms.
As a sign of recognition of the greatness of Darwin, he was buried in Westminster Abbey, along with William Herschel and Isaac Newton.
Life.
Childhood.
Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, at the family home, the Mount House. He was the fifth of six children of a wealthy doctor, Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood father's side of the mother. Both come from prominent English family, family Darwin - Wedgwood supporting the Unitarian church. His mother died when Charles was eight years old. When the following year he attended Shrewsbury School which is not so far away, he lived in boarding school.Thanks to the wealth of their parents, Darwin enjoyed the comfort and have access facilities to acquire a good education. However, his father worried about the future of Darwin, because he was just having fun with hunting, playing with the dog and catch mice. His father worried that Darwin would bring shame to the family. Although Darwin had from early interested in biology, to please his father, he took up the study of medicine.
In 1825, after a summer as an apprentice doctor, helping his father take care of the poor people in Shropshire, Darwin went to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But he hated the brutality of surgery so that he left his studies. He learned how to preserve the animals from John Edmonstone, a black slave who had been freed, who told him interesting stories about tropical forests in South America. In the second year, Darwin became active in the fraternity for the naturalist. He became a keen student of Robert Edmund Grant. Grant is the man who pioneered the development of theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles theory grandfather, Erasmus, evolution by examining characteristics. Darwin took part in Grant research on the life cycle of marine animals on the shore of the Firth of Forth which found evidence for homology, the radical theory that all animals have similar organs and only vary in complexity. In March 1827, Darwin gave a presentation to the Association of Plinian on his own discovery that black spores often found in oyster shells are similar leech eggs (skate leech). He also attended classes Robert Jameson on natural history, and learn about the geological stratigraphy and how to classify plants while watching for the work to develop a comprehensive collection of the Museum of the University of Edinburgh.
In 1827, his father was not happy because the child does not wish to become a doctor, secretly enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts program at Christ's College, University of Cambridge, to prepare a pastor. This is a reasonable choice at a time when the Anglican earn a decent income, and most of the naturalists in England when it was a pastor who considers part of their job is to "explore the wonders of God's creation". At Cambridge, Darwin preferred to ride a horse and shoot rather than learning. Together cousin, William Darwin Fox, he drowned in the current craze for collecting beetles race. Fox also introduced him to the Reverend John Stevens Henslow, professor of botany, to get expert advice on beetles. Darwin then go to class natural history Henslow, became his favorite disciple, and came to be known as "the man who walked with Henslow". When the test came, Darwin focused more on his studies and get a special additional class of Henslow in mathematics and theology. Darwin were particularly interested in the writings of William Paley, including the argument of divine design in nature. In the tests finally in January 1831, he succeeded well in theology and because he studied hard in classical studies, mathematics and physics, he appeared in the top 10 of the 178 students who graduated.
Residency demands require Darwin lived in Cambridge until June. Following Henslow's example and advice, he was in no hurry to become a pastor. He was inspired by the writings of Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative, and therefore he planned to visit the Madeira Islands to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself, Darwin took a geology class of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, and in the summer to go with him to assist in mapping layers (strata) in Wales. Darwin was doing research strata own when his plans to go to Madeira canceled by the message that will go with her colleagues who have passed away, but when he returned home he received another letter. Henslow has recommended to Darwin for a position that is not paid to be a companion to Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, in a two-year expedition to explore the coastline of South America. This will provide a valuable opportunity Darwin to develop his career as a naturalist. His father opposed the trip, think of it as a waste of time, but he was persuaded by Josiah Wedgwood II to approve their participation. This trip into a five-year expedition that led to dramatic changes in many fields of science.
Travel by Beagle.
Darwin had decided that it was a way of life to become a pastor and a quiet life when he received a very tempting offer. Darwin was invited to accompany Captain Robert FitzRoy on the HMS Beagle. At that time, has become a habit that the captain of the ship has a companion during the expedition ship which usually lasts for years. Because the position of Captain FitzRoy high enough, only a 'gentleman' who can be his best man. Nigrat line Darwin proved useful. Although the expedition aims to create a marine map, FitzRoy secretly has plans to look for evidence of creation as written in the Bible. Ironically, Darwin was selected by FitzRoy because Darwin is a prospective pastor, as well as thanks to his noble blood.Beagle survey lasted five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of this time to explore the mainland. He investigated a wide range of geological appearance, fossil and living organisms, and meet a wide range of people, both indigenous and colonial society. Methodically he gathered a large number of specimens, many of them new to science. This confirmed his reputation as a naturalist and makes it one of the pioneers in the field of ecology, particularly the understanding of biokoenosis. The records detailed that the length showed his gift to build the theory and form the basis for future work, as well as provide insight into the social anthropological, political depth areas visited.
The voyage, Darwin read Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (Principles of Geology), which explains the geological appearance as a result of a gradual process during various periods long, and wrote a letter to his family that he witnessed other forms of land "is as if he had the eyes of Lyell ": he saw the plains of the thin layer (shingle) are steep and shells in Patagonia as ascending beaches. In Chile he experienced an earthquake and noted the basics ocean with shells stranded above high tide showing that the land had increased; and even in places high in the Andes, he can collect sea shells. He theorized that coral atolls form on the volcanic mountains of the sinking, an idea that he saw confirmed when the Beagle investigate Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
In South America he discovered fossils of extinct giant mammals, including megatheria and gliptodon in layers that do not show signs or catastrophic climate change. Occasionally he sees his they are similar to species in Africa, but after shipping Richard Owen showed that the remains were derived from animals related to living creatures in the same place. In Argentina two species of rhea had separate areas but overlap. In the Galápagos Islands Darwin found that mockingbirds differ from one island to another, and when he returned to Britain kepadnya shown that turtles Galápagos tortoises and finches also vary depending on the species of each island they inhabit. Australian marsupial animals kangaroo rats and animals platypus is very strange that he thinks "People who do not believe ... maybe say 'Surely two distinct Creator has worked'. "He was confused by what he saw, and while in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Sailing in the Beagle) he describes the distribution of species by Charles Lyell's ideas of "centers of creation", in recent editions of this Journal, he begin to imagine the use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "people may actually suspect that a small number of native birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different purposes."
Three native missionaries returned by Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They have been in civilized-right in the UK for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes looked "wild", slightly above the animal. Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their lives were hard and primitive, but they are more like it and do not want to go back to the civilized world. This experience and the rejection of Darwin against slavery and various other inhumane treatment were seen in other places, such as ill-treatment of the natives by British colonists in Tasmania convinced him that there is no moral justification whatsoever for treating others badly based on the concept race. Now he argues that human beings are not too far away from the animal, in contrast to what is believed by his friends clergy.
While on the ship, Darwin suffered seasickness. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, while returning from the Andes to Valparaíso, he fell ill and was forced to stay in bed for a month. Since 1837 Darwin suffered repeated abdominal pain, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and a variety of other symptoms. All of these symptoms particularly affected him at times when he was depressed, such as when attending meetings or dealing with disputes about the theory. The cause of the disease is unknown Darwin in his lifetime, and various efforts to take care not had much success. Speculation has recently stated that in South America he Chagas disease due to insect bites, which causes a variety of problems later. Other causes that may include the problems of psycho-biological and Ménière's disease.
Careers in science, theory formation.
While still in the voyage, Henslow carefully strengthen former pupil's reputation by giving a naturalist's selected examples of access to fossil and printed copies of Darwin's geological writings. When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin has become well known in scientific circles. He visited his family in Shrewsbury and his father developed the savings that Darwin could become a scientist who is supported by its own funds. Darwin then went to Cambridge and persuaded Henslow so doing botanical descriptions of modern plants he had collected. After that Darwin traveled to institutions in London to find the best naturalists available to describe other collections for publication in a timely manner. Charles Lyell was very excited to see Darwin on 29 October and introduced him to an anatomist Richard Owen who is on the rise. After working on a collection of fossil bones of the Association of Surgeons of Darwin in his kingdom, Owen caused a big surprise by revealing that some of it comes from the rats and similar animals that have been extinct giant creep. It enhances the reputation of Darwin. With the enthusiastic support of Lyell, Darwin first presented a paper to the Geological Society of London on January 4, 1837, and said that the South American land are rising slowly. On the same day Darwin presented examples of mammals and birds to the Association of zoological London. The animals mammals were taken by George R. Waterhouse. Although the birds seem like a new idea came later, John Gould, a bird expert revealed that what was presumed to Darwin as "wren", black birds, and somewhat different from the Galápagos finches are all finches, but each respective different species. The others in the Beagle, including FitzRoy also telha collect these birds and more careful with their records, to allow Darwin found on the island where each species was derived.In London Charles lived with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At a dinner parties he met with a number of scholars who argue that God has set his previous life with the laws of nature, rather than the magical creations for a while. His best friend, Ms. Harriet Martineau was a writer whose stories promoting reforms Whig Malthusian law of poor people. Scientific circles excited by the ideas of transmutation of species controversially associated with Radical excitement. Darwin would rather Dear friends, the Cambridge professor, despite his ideas beyond their belief that natural history must justify religion and social order.
On February 17, 1837, Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to determine the date of Darwin's fossils, and shows the inference that the species of animals that have been pu well was associated with species of the existing now in the same place. At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Board of the Association. He has been invited by FitzRoy to contribute articles in the Journal based on his field notes as part of the natural history of the captain of the Beagle voyage report. Now he is immersed in the writing of a book on the geology of South America. At the same time he speculated on transmutation in his Red Book notes that have been completed at the start of the Beagle. Another project commencement getting reports of experts on the collection published as a series of publications of Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle (Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle), and Henslow used his contacts to arrange the provision of £ 1,000 from the Treasury for sponsoring it. Darwin finished writing his Journal about 20 June when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid-July he started a notebook "B" of the secret of transmutation, and developed the hypothesis that where every island of the Galápagos Islands have their own kind of tortoise, all of it comes from a species of turtle and had to adjust to island -miami different in different ways.
Under pressure to organize Zoology and correcting manuscripts to his Journal, Darwin's health deteriorated. On 20 September 1837 he suffered a "heart pounding" and go to the countryside to recuperate. He visited Maer Hall where invalid aunt who was raised by her daughter who remained single, Emma Wedgwood, and entertaining relatives with stories about his travels. His uncle, Jos showed a spot on the ground where cinders disappeared under loam and say that it all is the work of earthworms. Darwin got the idea for a conversation that is conveyed to the Geological Society on 1 November, about a topic that is very unusual about earthworms. He has avoided official positions that may seize the precious time, but in March it, Whewell had recruited him as Secretary of the Geological Society. The pain makes Darwin rest from the pressures of work, and he went conduct geological research in Scotland. In clear air he visited Glen Roy to see the phenomenon known as "roads" that - wrongly - described as ascending beaches.
Once fully recovered, he returned to his home in Shrewsbury. He thought about a career and scientific prospects, and therefore he compiled a list with two columns titled "Married" and "Not Marry". List included under the pro-marriage column included "constant companion and friend in old age ... however better than a dog," while a list of the counter is "less money for books" and "the loss of a very sad time . "Consideration pro eventually win. He discussed this with his father then went to visit his cousin Emma on 29 July 1838. He did not directly apply, but in contrast to his father's advice, he told Emma ideas on transmutation.
While the thought and work continued in London in the autumn, he repeatedly fell ill.On 11 November he returned and proposed to Emma, and once again told him his ideas. He accepted it, but later wrote and begged him to read from the Gospel of John part about love and follow the road which also states that "If anyone does not remain in me, he ... thrown into the fire and burned". Charles sent a warm response that eliminates concern, but Emma still worry that the decline of faith Charles would jeopardize his hope that they would meet again in the afterlife.
Marriage and children.
On January 29, 1839, Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians.After the first stay in Gower Street, London, the couple moved on 17 September 1842 to Down House, Downe (which is now open for public visits, south of Orpington). Darwin family had ten children, three of whom died in early childhood. Many of them and their grandchildren would become famous (see the family Darwin - Wedgwood)
William Erasmus Darwin (December 27 1839-1914)
Anne Elizabeth Darwin (March 2 1841-22 April 1851)
Mary Eleanor Darwin (September 23 1842-16 October 1842)
Emma Henrietta "Etty" Darwin (September 25 1843-1929)
George Howard Darwin (July 9 1845-7 December 1912)
Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin (July 8 1847 to 1926)
Francis Darwin (August 16, 1848-19 September 1925)
Leonard Darwin (January 15th, 1850-26 March 1943)
Horace Darwin (May 13 1851-29 September 1928)
Charles Waring Darwin (December 6 1856-28 June 1858)
Some of their children suffering from illness or weak body. Charles Darwin worried that this might be due to his lineage with Emma pretty close. This is expressed in his writings about the harmful consequences arising from the marriage between close relatives and benefit from cross-breeding.
Development theory.
Darwin had long thought about the evolution of the idea; that all species are related to each other and have a "common ancestor" (derived from a single lineage) and new species arise through mutations. But he was still curious about the mechanics of how the process occurs. By chance, he read the writings of Thomas Malthus. Malthus argued that human population grew faster than food production, causing humans compete with each other to compete for food and make charitable deeds vain. Darwin happily use this mechanism to explain his theory. He writes: "Human beings tend to increase in the level of greater than how to survive. As a result, he occasionally had to fight hard to survive, and natural selection will affect what lies within this range." (Descent of Man, Ps.21) He attributed this to the findings of the species associated with places, research on the breeding of animals, and the idea of "the law of natural selection" (Natural Selection). Towards the end of 1838 he compared the characteristics of the selection of farmers with natural selection according to the Malthusian theory of variants that occur "by chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practiced and perfected", and considers that it is "part of the the most beautiful of my theory "of how species originated.Darwin now is a leading geologist among the scientific elite among the clergy who also is a naturalist. In finance it pretty well established with personal income. He has a lot of work to do, write down the findings and theories, and oversee the preparation of writing a series of books that describe Zoology collections. He was convinced of the truth of evolution, but for a longer period of time he realized that the transmutation of species associated with the denial of God and the democratic agitators in Britain are trying to overthrow society. Thus, publishing his theory could threaten his reputation. Darwin did a lot of experiments with plants and engaged in consultations with the breeders of animals, including pigeons and pig breeders, trying to find the answers that are strong against all arguments are anticipated when he presented his theory in public.
When the report was published in May 1839 FitzRoy, Journals and Notes Darwin's getting rave reviews. Later in the same year, it was the publication of his own writings, sells and is now known as The Voyage of the Beagle (Beagle voyage). In December 1839, when Emma was pregnant for the first time, Darwin returned sick.
The publication of The Origin of Species and controversy.
Darwin wrote about the evolution of ideas in the book Origin of Species (The Origin of Species) which explains the theory of evolution. At first, Darwin hesitate to publish the ideas and observations are very radical, especially at that time, England in Victorian times. Over the years, it stores this idea and just talk with co-workers to believe. One motivation Darwin to finally publish this book is the encouragement of Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace also wrote about a similar idea and send it to Darwin. Darwin advised to expeditiously complete the writing. In 1859, his book The Origin of Species was published and, unexpectedly, become hard and controversial behavior.Although Darwin did not discuss human evolution openly, the book gets tough challenge, both from the scientific, and the community, especially the church. In this difficult period, Darwin was accompanied by one of his loyal friend, Thomas Huxley, who was nicknamed "Darwin's Bulldog". By telling and sharp, Huxley defended Darwin's theory of attacks. One famous episode is the debate between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce Huxley with.
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