History can also refer to the academic field that uses a narrative to examine and analyze the sequence of events of the past, and objectively determine the pattern of cause and effect that determine them. Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness to discuss the study of the history of science as an end in itself and as a way to provide a "view" on the issue today.
Common story to a particular culture, but not supported by external parties (such as stories about King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage or legend, because they do not support the "investigation interested" required of the discipline of history. Herodotus, the 5th century BC Greek historian in Western society is regarded as the "father of history", and, together with contemporary Thucydides, helped form the basis for the modern study of human history. Gait they continue to be read today and the gap between Herodotus and Thucydides military culture that focuses remains a point of contention or approach in the writing of modern history. In the Eastern tradition, a history of Chun Qiu country known to be compiled start since 722 BC, although the texts of the 2nd century BC survivors.
Ancient influence has helped interpretation seed variant nature of history that has evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. Modern study of history began to spread, and include the study of certain areas and certain topical studies or thematic element in historical inquiry. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major science research at the University.
Etymology.
Painting with the title History or History by Frederick Dielman (1896)The word history literally comes from the Arabic word (شجرة: šajaratun) which means tree. In the Arabic language, the history is called dates (تاريخ). The dates in the Indonesian word meaning less is the time or calendar. History says is closer to the Greek historia, which means science or intelligent. Then in English into history, which means that the human past. Another word that is approaching the reference is Geschichte which means it happened.
In terms of European languages, the origin of the terms used in the history of Indonesian literature there are several variations, however, many who recognize that the term originated history-genesis, in Greek historia. In English known to history, French historie storia Italian, German geschichte, which means that happened, and the Dutch are known gescheiedenis.
This term entered in English in 1390 with the meaning of "relations of events, the story". In Middle English, means "story" in general. Restrictions on the meaning of "record of past events" appears at the end of the 15th century. It was still in the Greek sense at that time Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about "Natural History". him, historia was "the knowledge of the object is determined by space and time", so that kind of knowledge is provided by Memory (while science is provided by sense, and poetry is provided by fantasy).
Given the significance of language from various languages above may be emphasized that the notion of history concerning the time and events. Therefore, the problem of time is important in understanding the events, historians tend to overcome this problem by making a periodization.
In a linguistic expression of synthetic vs. analytic / isolation dichotomy, (史 vs. 诌) now appoint a different word for human history or stories in general. In Germany, France, and most Germanic and Romance languages, the same word is used for the use of the word "history" and "story".
adjective historical evidenced from 1661, and historic of 1669.
Historian in meaning a "researcher of history" from 1531. evidenced in all the languages of Europe, "history" is still used to use the word "what happened to the man", and "scientific studies that happened", the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, "History", or the word historiography.
Understanding the history, according to experts.
J.V. Bryce.
History is a record of what has been thought, said, and done by humans.W.H. Walsh.
The history focuses on the meaning and importance of recording only for humans. Note that include actions and human experiences in the past on things that are important so that a meaningful story.Patrick Gardiner.
History is the study of what has been done by humans.Ruslan Abdulgani.
This science is a branch of science that systematically examine and investigate the overall development of society and humanity in the past as well as events with a view to then assess critically all the research results, to further serve the treasury guidelines for the assessment and determination of the present state and direction of the future.Moh. Yamin.
History is a science that is prepared on the results of investigation of several events that can be proven with material reality.Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406).
History is defined as a record of the general public human or human civilization happens to the character / nature of the society.R. Moh. Ali.
Moh. Ali in his book Introduction to History of Indonesia, reinforce the notion of history as follows:The number of changes, events or events in reality around us.
The story of changes, events, or events in the reality around us.
Science in charge of investigating changes, events, and or events in reality around us.
From the above description made some simple conclusion that history is a science that studies all events or events that have occurred in the past in the life of mankind. In human life, historical events is an event that is timeless, unique, and important.
Events lasting
Historical events did not change and still remembered for all time.
Unique event
Historical events happened only once and never repeated exactly the same for the second time.
Important events
Historical events have meaning in determining people's lives.
Classification.
Because the scope of history is very large, need a good classification to facilitate research. If some writers like H.G. Wells, Will Durant, Ariel Durant and write history in the public sphere, most historians have the expertise and specialization of each.There are many ways to sort the information in history, among others:
Based on the period of time (chronological).
By region (geographical).
Based on the state (national).
Based on ethnic groups (ethnic).
By topic or subject (topical).
In the sorting, should be considered how the writing like seeing the limits of temporal and spatial theme itself. If it is not specified, then the historian may be stuck to the philosophy of the other sciences, such as sociology. This is why Kant is touted as the Father of Sociology mock history as a "stylist bricks" of sociological facts.
Many people who criticize the science of history. The critics see history as something that is not scientific because it does not meet the scientific factors, especially the factor "can be seen or try again", meaning that history is only seen as mere knowledge, not a science. Actually, this view is not acceptable to common sense because history can be repeated even impossible at all costs because history only happens once for ever. Although it's got such a challenge, the science of history continues to grow and show keeksisannya the level of science.
The historical record.
Historians get information about the past from various sources, such as written or printed notes, currency or other artifacts, buildings and monuments, as well as from interviews (which is often referred to as "the history of storytelling", or oral history in English). For modern history, the major sources of historical information are: photographs, moving images (eg a movie), audio, and video recordings. Not all of these sources can be used to study the history, because it depends on periodeyang want researched or studied. Research also relies on historiography history, or historical perspective, different from one another.There are many reasons why people keep and maintain records of history, including: administrative reasons (eg, census purposes, tax records, and records of trade), for political reasons (in order to give praise or criticism on the country's leaders, politicians, or important people), religious reasons, the arts, sports achievement (for example: the Olympic record), note descent (genealogy), personal records (eg correspondence), and entertainment.
However, in the writing of history, these resources need to be sorted out. This method is called by critics source. Criticism source is divided into two kinds, namely external and internal. External criticism is criticism that the first should be done by historians when he wrote his work, especially if the source of history in the form of objects. Namely by looking validisasi physical form of the work, ranging from the shape, color and anything that can be seen physically. Medium internal criticism is criticism that seen from the contents of the source, whether justifiable or not.
Interviews were also used as a source of history. However, it should also act critical historians both in sorting through translational sources to digital or paper form.
In the past, research on the history limited to the study of written records or history told. However, along with the increasing number of professional academic and formation of a new branch of science of the 19th century and 20, there is also a new historical information. Archeology, anthropology, and other branches of social sciences continue to provide new information, as well as offering new theories about human history. Many historians are asking: if the branches of science, including the science of history, because the study was not conducted solely upon the written records? A new term, namely nirleka, stated. The term "prehistoric" is used to classify the branch of science that examines the period before the invention of the written historical record.
In the 20th century, the separation between history and prehistory complicates research. Historians time it tried to examine more than just the usual narrative political history of their use. They tried to examine the use of new approaches, such as the approach to economic history, social, and cultural. Everything needs a variety of sources. In addition, experts such as V. Gordon Childe prehistoric use archeology to explain many important events in places that are usually included in the scope of history (and not pure prehistoric). Such separation is also criticized for the exclusion of several civilizations, such as those found in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus.
Finally, slowly over the past few decades, the separation between history and prehistory have largely been eliminated.
Now, no one knows exactly when history began. In general history is known as the study of what is known about the past of mankind (even though they had almost no separation between history and prehistory, there is a new field of science known as the Great History). Now what resources that can be used to find out about something that happened in the past (for example: the telling of history, linguistics, genetics, etc.), be accepted as a legitimate source by most historians.
Historiography.
Historiography is a science that investigates and parse the historical information based on belief systems and philosophies. Although of course there is some bias (subjective opinion) essential in all historical research (one of the biggest of which is the national subjectivity), history can be learned from the ideological standpoint, for example: Marxist historiography.There is also a subjunctive history (speculation about history), known as "virtual history" or "counter-factual history" (ie: the history of the opposite story - or counter - with facts). There are some historians who use this method to study and explore the possibilities that exist when an event does not take place or the opposite takes place. This is similar to the type of alternate history fiction.
Methods of historical study.
Leading historians who helped develop the method of historical studies, among others: Leopold von Ranke, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Rudolf Geoffrey Elton, GM Trevelyan, and AJP Taylor. In the 1960s, historians began to leave the historical narrative that is both epic nationalistic, and choose to use a chronological narrative that is more realistic.Historians of France introduced the method of quantitative history. This method uses a large amount of data and information to explore the lives of people in history.
Historians of America, especially those inspired era and the civil rights movement, trying to better engage ethnic groups, ethnic, racial, and social and economic groups in the study of history.
In this kebelakangan few years, scientists postmodernism loudly questioning the validity and need to be examined whether history. According to them, history merely personal and subjective interpretation on historical sources that exist. In his book In Defense of History (trans: Vindication History), Richard J. Evans, a professor of modern history at the University of Cambridge in the UK, defended the importance of history to the public assessment.
Learn from history.
The history of science is a topic that is very interesting. Not only that, history also teaches things that are very important, especially regarding: the success and failure of our leaders, economic system ever, forms of government, and other important things in human life throughout history. From history, we can learn anything that affects the progress and fall of a nation or a civilization. We can also learn about the background reasons of political activity, the influence of social philosophy, and cultural point of view and technology are manifold, throughout the ages.One of the most famous quote about the history and importance of learning about the history written by a philosopher from Spain, George Santayana. He said: "Those who do not know his past, are condemned to repeat it."
German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel argues in his thinking about the history: "It is taught by history and experience: that humans and governments have never learned anything from history, or the principles learned from it." This sentence is repeated by statesmen of Great Britain, Winston Churchill, said: "The only thing we learn from history is that we do not really learn from it."
Winston Churchill, who was also a former journalist and an author of the influential memoir, had also said, "History will be kind to me, because I'm going to write it." But apparently, he was not literally refer to his writings, but merely repeating a quote about famous historical philosophy: "History is written by the victors." That is, often the winner of a humanitarian conflict becomes more powerful than his subjects. Therefore, he was able to leave a trail of history - and the historical fact - according to what they feel is right.
Another view of the state that the power of history is so large that may not be changed by human effort. Or, although there may be able to change the course of history, the people in power are usually too distracted by their own problems so fail to see the overall picture.
There is still another view which states that history never repeats itself, because each is a unique historical event. In this case, there are many factors that lead to the occurrence of an event in history; maybe not all of these factors appear and repeated again. Thus, the knowledge that has been held on an event in the past can not be perfectly applied to events in the present. But many consider that this view is not entirely true, because the lessons of history still can and should be taken of any historical event. If a general conclusion can be drawn from these events closely, then this conclusion can be an important lesson. For example: natural disaster emergency response performance can continue and should be improved; although each occurrence of natural disasters is, by itself, is unique. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/about-history.html
DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 16:21
Tag : About History.
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