Time for Christmas.

Merry Christmas.

May the light of Christmas will stay in our hearts and be a light to the family as well as others. I hope the new year brings a lot of hope and encouragement for the work. Merry Christmas to the celebrating, and Happy New Year to all Blogger in the world.

To all Bloggers around the world, with this Bambang Sunarno say "Merry Christmas"

May the friendship between Blogger continuously interwoven.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/time-for-christmas.html

DatePublished: December - 2014.

Tag : Time for Christmas.

Code : 42S4EUXRR3UM

Hidden Secrets of Various Materials Food.

With 250% RDA of vitamin C contained in papaya fruit was found to prevent the body's system of fever. The content of beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E in papaya reduce inflammation in the body and reduce the incidence of asthma.

Eggs Could Be Source of Disease.

Eggs are a good source of animal protein. Breakfast eggs can avoid 'crazy' at lunchtime. Even so, it is easy eggs contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. Watch really cooking process. Make sure the eggs are eaten ripe so that germs are killed in the process.

Again Bad Mood? Drinking Coffee Only.

A study of the University of Georgia's Department of Kinesiology, showed that drinking caffeinated drinks or a cup of coffee with the amount of 200 mg in the morning can improve the mood for the better. Also pumping spirit is good enough to face the challenges and stress throughout the day.

Garlic Powerful Prevent Flu.

Garlic contains a number of antioxidants and rich in selenium useful in the immune system to fight against H pylori, the bacteria that causes ulcers and stomach cancer. Research shows that garlic keep the heart healthy by lowering cholesterol levels. Also has anti-fungal properties that help treat asthma infection. Should peeled onion, cut and allow 15 to 20 minutes before cooking to activate enzymes that works to increase immunity.

The Melon Orange that Make Lean Body.

Of all types of melon, are identified by the color of his skin. Melon orange skin color is more green than usual melon. The flesh is orange. However, the type of cantaloupe or honeydew melon orange, have more properties to maintain skin health and help you lose weight.

Sweet Potatoes Can Be Suppressed Emotions.

With the carbohydrate content and sweet taste can be used as food stress reliever. In addition, potatoes are also rich in beta-carotene, vitamins and fiber which helps the body to process carbohydrates slowly. Sugar is released slowly from carbohydrate serves to maintain and preserve a sense of delight longer. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/hidden-secrets-of-various-materials-food.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 17:14

tags: Hidden Secrets of Various Materials Food.
Code: 42S4EUXRR3UM

Monkey-faced man.

Some of the facts are :

The existence of tailless monkey-faced man who has a brain volume two times larger than the human face tailless apes other, and they make tooling for the first time about 2 million years ago. They are divided into four different races after 1 million years later and one of them later left the African continent. They are then able to speak the language of about 400,000 years ago and at that time they had spread across the continent of Africa, Europe and Asia.

Finally, a large group of Asians migrated from Asia to America, when the continents of Asia and America are connected at its northern part. Then they live in all parts of the north and south American continent, which may be known as the Indians - Native American one named by Columbus, because Columbus thought he had reached India, so he called them Indians or people of India.

Giant statue of the Sphinx in Egypt is built around the year 8000 BC (BC) by a dark brown-skinned peoples in northern Africa, 4000 years before the rise of civilization in Egypt. The size is calculated based on the time scraping rainwater on the stone statue. This method is more accurate way to measure the age of the stone statue.

Brazilian regions are found by way of the sea around the year 531 BC, or it could be before that time by the Phoenicians nation. Phoenicians nation was the first nation to trade across the oceans. They lived in Lebanon (the first cultured city in the world) and they have crossed the Atlantic Ocean from the African continent and the conduct trading activities with local communities there for years. The local community really came on foot from China many years earlier.

Cleopatra (69 to 30 BC), Queen of Egypt was 16 years old but is known to have abnormal sexual desires (sex maniac) and the time that he had become the wife of Julius Caesar. His first love was when he was 12 years old and she has a special temple occupied boyfriends and doing sex parties there. Cleopatra then committed suicide when she was 38 years old.

Chinese nation across the ocean with a large ship and find Mexico around the year 459 AD and also other countries.

Vikings from northern Europe have small colonies around the east coast of America around the year 900 BC.

Southern Europeans first discovered North America in the year 1472 was a Portuguese named Joao vase de Corte Real in a secret mission of discovery. But perhaps the Phoenicians nation visiting north America long before that. And Columbus first came twenty years later, in 1492, and he called for Hispaniola Haiti!

Mills Darden (USA in 1798-1857) weight is 463 pounds, while his wife was only 46 kg

Antonio Meucci (1808-1889) from Italy found the phone in 1849 and Alexander Graham Bell, who actually worked on Meucci, copy patented in 1876 and admitted as a discovery!

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan patented a light bulb for the first time in 1878 in the UK. And Thomas Alva Edison made a little mock better, then he tried to get a patent on the artificial bulbs in America about a year later. Thomas Alva Edison introduced that the electric light bulb was an invention. But in 1892 the Company Edisons merger with Swans and became General Electric and after that they use the original method of the findings of the Swans to make a light bulb.

Famous scientist Nicola Tesla (1856-1943) discovered the radio in 1893 and the patent, means Marconi is not a real inventor.

Fourth chimney pieces of the Titanic turned out a hoax, just to make it look like a really four!

Charles Lindberg is human-to-82 that flew over the ocean, but he was the first to do it alone.

Vatican State was established in 1929 with the help of a fascist dictator, Mussolini who want to get the support of the church.

The most vicious criminals: Herman Webster Mudgett (1860-1896), known as Dr. Harry Howard Holmes had killed around 150 young women, but he admitted that "only" killed 27 people. She rents out rooms in the "palace" of his in Chicago, which is actually a horror house. There made her secret passageways winding penetrate from one room to another, each room is also equipped with a secret elevator, each bedroom soundproof contrived, an acidic (perhaps to destroy the body), the gas chamber, the operating table is equipped with tools to stretch the human body, private crematorium, and the basement (bunker) enormous found many parts of the human body mutilated. He sold the skeletons of the victims to medical schools. Victims hung for 10 minutes before dying.

Albert Fish (1870-1936) a cannibal to eat at least fifteen children, but he was only convicted of two murders and final victim is a child of about ten years, Grace Budd, which he cut into small sizes and then to cook with pieces kiosks and onions. In a letter to his mother he wrote "It is a small donkey that his baked in a furnace".
Old mother of the youngest in the world is a child named Lina Medina of Peru which time she conceived five years and seven months old. She later gave birth to a healthy boy by Caesarean section in May 1939 and the baby's father was never found. His parents first suspect Lina Medina suffered from some kind of tumor, but it turns out she was pregnant since she was 4 years old and already got my period since the age of three years. Lina develop normally and get a second child in 1972, 33 years after her first child was born.

Otto Hahn, a German made the first atomic bomb in 1938.

When invaded Belgium, Germany for the first time carry out attacks using paratroopers with a number of dolls to confuse the enemy (German first do not use puppets to attack his umbrella when the troops invaded Norway) plus a unique glider equipped with a bomb that really efficient. This was done to destroy bridges and to master the most important places "almost impossible" for the fortress Eben Emael was captured like.

All the crazy idea but it works so well has been developed by the evil genius, Hitler and all his own original ideas. Hitler really a lover of war, and he really designing for the first time almost everything that makes the German has a terrible combat power. From the start of every detail of the army uniform and the emblem, to the method of warfare training complex but effective, all of them are his own. Although very nasty but all he did was amazing.

When the British began to plan for the invasion of Norway, a few months before Germany also do the same with a very large fleet gathered in the northern seas. But when British troops met the German navy near Oslo, England reversed course to return to Norway. But only a few troops were involved in the fighting.

Greatest hero in World War II is Michel Hollard and he was the sole ruler who started the most efficient intelligence organization in France named "Reseau Agir" which has 60 secret agents who are placed in strategic places throughout France. He himself that collects and sends information and a fellow agent does not know each other. He then infiltrated into France through the Swiss border, the "impossible" to traverse. Because he did not believe for certain military information, prior to 1942 he crossed the border in the world's most difficult as many as 94 times. Hollard is a person who finds all V1 missile base, a few months before the missiles were completed. The missiles are made with extreme safety system and measured, made only in the past 4 months, and none of the German labor force who know the purpose of the installation. But Hollard managed to find everything and 44th missile base was bombed so smashed into pieces, a few days before their work is completed. These bases are built to send 5000 missiles each month and will be 50,000 pieces of super bomb before "D-Days" (= the term for the actual D-day battle, which is dated June 6, 1944, when Allied troops landed in Normandy to attack German occupied France - Book Donald L.Miller: Bhs. Ind or Bhs.Ing) and at least 20,000 pieces of missiles will hit the city of London, but eventually just become a 2400 attack in its entirety. Hollard was arrested in 1944 due to the betrayal of someone. He was tortured by the Gestapo, but he did not say anything. He was sent to the Neuengamme, one of the worst concentration camps. But Hollard retaliation by hiding more than 1,000 gun parts which must be linked back by the inmates, and he then managed to survive after a shoot-out in the camp.

Mass murder - in accordance with the report of the High Council of the United States named "Walter statements" made in 1971 amounted to between 323 and 617 million people were killed by the Chinese government, from 1949 to 1971. While the report mentions only 51-55 Hsiao Mieh the incident which resulted in 5 to 10 million people died. Official radio in Peking reported a number of "existence obsolete" in a few months and the largest number of 2.326 million people in one month. Between 8 and 10 million people were killed by the Soviet government. In its report Jezjovtsjina in 1936 to 1938 at least 19 million more people died between 1921 and 1960 in the famous Soviet prison. There are at least 27 to 29 million people, or more than 25% are people of Jewish descent.

Nazi Adolf Eichmann Otto says ready to die for his responsibility for the murder of at least 5.7 million Jews. But murder by the Nazis on about 8 million Jews plus 6 to 10 million citizens of the other (mostly laborers and poor people) bringing the total to at least 12 to 18 million people have been killed dead. This Pembataian also got "help" from local groups such as the partisan-partisan national Litauan which kills about 229 052 Jews in Luthuania and some occurrence filmed by the Nazis as part of propaganda and good command as propaganda and instructions for einsatzgruppe.

All the horrible mass murder is generally intended to reduce the population. Including low effort and easy as creating systematically starved, and hard work are lethal in large old ships were then drowned. Estimated figures are lower than the actual reality (with complete documentation), as estimated by historians that in fact the numbers are definitely higher than that.

The second atomic bomb dropped by the United States over Nagasaki in 1945 came from a different type of impact ever tested by the US Air Force. They do not give Japan time to give up and choose two cities the size of the same size. The US does not plan to prevent severe damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for example by using conventional bombs, but they really want to destroy almost every city in Japan with a bomb. Quite an odd number of articles about "atomic bomb" is rarely mentioned about the second bombing carried out in Nagasaki (or on the number of casualties there) and the fact that Japan is not really able to resist the attack. To attack the bombers that they could not. But the leaders of Japan are still reluctant to give up, even after the second bombing on Nagasaki. Had the Japanese emperor ordered to the Japanese military to surrender before the bombing may not need to happen.

The late Haji Muhammad (HM) Azharie was born in Palembang original figure formerly domiciled in Fagih Usman Road Lr Stairs King RT 13 RW 03, No. 308, 2 Ulu Palembang Sea. The figure of the father of 13 children here with his role as a merchant milling Palembang Palembang - Bengkulu that the magnitude of generosity and spirit come into play "hide" Bung Karno figure in his home at 2 Ulu and services thanks anyway, Bung Karno in exile in Bengkulu can "qualify "to Jakarta via Palembang.

Based on the report by John Perkins, then Richard Nixon, 36th President of the United States, said Indonesia should not fall into the hands of the Soviet Union or China. Bak tit for tat corporatocracy kleptocracy welcomed the New Order regime. This pattern makes conspiracy debt vicious circle of development. Most of the debt used to build infrastructure projects undertaken corporatocracy and extends the kleptocracy. Conspiracy korporatokrasi- kleptocracy looks from Paiton project whose value USD3,7 miliar.Harga electricity 60% more expensive than in the Philippines or 20 times than in the US.

Paiton funds derived from debt disbursed export credit agencies in the West. Corruption starts when 15.75% of the paid-up shares megaproject to cronies and family kleptocracy. Acquisition of land to supply coal monopoly done without a tender. Apparently, the value of the Paiton project ballooned to 72% and Indonesia for 30 years will have to pay compensation amounting to 8.6 cents per kwh dollars, while its ability to only 2 cents.

In fact, President Sukarno or Bung Karno (BK) very antikorporatokrasi. Evidently, since 1951 through policy Bung Karno (Law No. 44/1960) freeze petroleum concessions MNC. Freezing it makes a big three (Stanvac, Caltex, and Shell) request renegotiation. But, Bung Karno threatening, "I give you a few days. I will cancel all concessions if it does not meet my demands."
Unsolved crimes most large (at least until 1996) is when the hordes of American military and some civilian citizens of Germany, took the gold reserves of the German state in 1945 and other items valued at around 400 million dollars.

Paul Anderson, heavy lifters of the US who won a gold medal in 1956, managed to lift the barbell weighing 3,000 kilograms in 1957 only with his or her back and William Pagel, lifting heavier weights 500 kilograms of Paul Anderson as he climbed the stairs two-four meters.

The richest man in the world for twenty years was the leading figure of a delivery attempt is the introvert Daniel K Ludwig (1897-1992) having a plurality of at least 3,000 million dollars of wealth in 1977 (which would be about 12,000 million dollars in 1997). He's a lot donated most of his wealth to cancer research. You can compare it with the wealth of Howard Hughes that "only" 1,373 million dollars in 1976. While the sheikhs of Kuwait succeeded in generating wealth since 1974 more than 3,800 million dollars per year and an empress of India, about double the wealth of Ludwig, before the government India states took his entire fortune by pulling taxes. The Empress is having a complete cellar in the palaces were filled with a number of gold and gemstones. Then the Indian government set that has personally gold is illegal, and he was never late in paying taxes. He is also known to have a party the jet. Then is the Sultan of Brunei as the richest man in 1997 with a fortune of about 38,000 million dollars. In 2007, William Gates III as the richest man with a net worth of around 56,000 million dollars, the amount of wealth that is left over after he donated almost half of 2000 there were more than 118,000 million dollars. Ingvar Kamprad, founder of IKEA Sweden ended up being the 4th richest in 2007 with a net worth of around 33,000 million dollars.

The average age of marriage of girls in India in 1980 only 14.5 years.

Internet is opened to everyone the first time on 30 April 1993 as www (World Wide Web) and links that became the key to success.

An Englishman who suffered bad press, finally realized back in 1997 after 8 years of coma.

The average age of marriage for girls in Yemen or Jemen (one of the countries in the Arab lands) in 2005 was 14.3 years and in 1999 the age limit set by law marriage of 15 years to the age of onset of puberty, so girls can marry at the age of 9 years. But the part that is really bad is that most marriages are arranged with regardless of their feelings. Even the girls do not know a lot about sex (for reasons of religious teachings) that their first experience of entering the marriage ended with an emotional shock!

About the wonders of nature. There is a river located in the basement, located slightly below the Nile - six times larger in size than the Nile. Nile itself flowed 1360 million cubic meters of water every day.

The highest waterfall in the world is Salto del Angel in Venezuela whose height of 979 meters.

People who do felling trees in the forest (in most states) is only to be used as firewood or open new areas. The trees in the rainforest serves to hold rain water in the soil and clean air for us to breathe. But deforested in some tropical countries will easily be swept water when heavy rains that could spend the source of fish on the beach and could transform the land into desert. In state forest green Haiti stay 5%, also in several other countries, even fewer. While the world's tallest tree is a 113 meter tall redwood, in the US.

Bird known as pigeon walking on the soil of North America have been killed from 5000 to 10,000 million in 1880.

The next ice age will come roughly 100 to a maximum of 4000 years, according to the latest variations and we are now at the end of the warm period of the 20th, which began that year 9000 BC.

Superstition. Elimination pathways bench no.13 in aircraft, there is no 13th floor numbering in some countries (notably the USA), there is no room number 13 in the hotels and the king of Sweden refused to eat along with 13 people at one table. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/monkey-faced-man.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 16:37

tags: Facts That The Human Hide.

Code: 42S4EUXRR3UM

Facts About Coca Cola Coke wrack

In the last 100 years the company has been having trouble with racism, child labor, water depletion and much more. After a few facts about the coke you can see, for those of you who like to drink coke then this might be suitable for you.

Founder Coke

As many people know, coke was founded in May 1886 by doctor / pharmacist John Pemerton as a nerve tonic. What you may not know is that Dr. Pemerton considered a long-term morphine addict. John died just two and a half years after establishing soft drinks and trademarks

Cocaine in Coke

Now there is a big surprise to most people that the main ingredient is addictive coke cocaine. About 60 mg of the drug is used in every coke until 1903 when the company claims to have removed the material. Funny thing though many are protesting about it coke still uses coca leaves quite a lot as the main ingredient in the production of cocaine. Also some officials stated that the use of cocaine coke in coke always rumors.

Coke slogan

Until the early fifties until the end, coke believed to have healing properties and it made some pretty unique slogans that began to appear on the product. Some of you may have heard, but perhaps most still have not heard this slogan.
1886 "coca-cola delicious, refreshing, fun"
no doubt, obviously it's fun when they use cocaine as an additive.
1900 "for headaches and fatigue, drink coca-cola"
once again I do not know why the slogan, but the main ingredient for cocaine is a headache but no doubt drug eliminate fatigue.
1905 "coca-cola revive and sustain"
revive and sustain ?? Something strange.

Coke Collaborate with Nazis

Now as we all know coke made in America so that when I was researching the history of the Nazi's for another article, the author really surprised with what I have found. In 1936, coke sponsored berlin olympics also known as the "Nazi Olympics". While the British were at war with the German companies continue to do business behind enemy lines and advertising in addition to the nazi regime. When America entered World War II, "coke bottling" can no longer get the sugar / syrup to make drinks so they create another drink nazi society called "Fanta".

Murder

Now when we look at the facts, it surprised us. Martin luther king day before he was killed holds a speech asking the public to boycott coke and stop buying their products because of the way the black workers were rude. Supposedly the American white workers are paid much higher wages for small jobs in African Americans where it is expected to work long hours and get back to work for little pay and no opportunity for advancement within the ranks of the company.

Human rights violations and killings in Colombia

In the 2000s, workers Columbian coke bottle with the union began receiving death threats to leave the United States, and if they do not comply, they would be killed. Shortly after the workers received the message began murdered one by one.

In 2004, new york city council took a fact-finding delegation to Colombia. Once there are members of this council found that the coke workers are victims of at least 179 major human rights violations and 9 murder.

Then January 2007 a group known as the "black eagles" publish to the TV to inform the public of Colombia if the union and the other is basically complaining about the work ethic of coke then they will be killed.

Coke blamed for not providing a safe workplace and do not take responsibility for their actions that led to the killing of them. Some Colombian officials went on to say or imply however coke is responsible for the murder of trade union workers and they denied it.

Tax Largest Racial Discrimination

seems fair after all the stories about the end of racial discrimination in 2000 after the federal government's investigation into alleged coke found guilty of the charges and ordered them to pay tax in the history of racial discrimination. Coke had to pay various victim restitution to nearly $ 200 million

Import Cocaine

Although coke allegedly does not contain traces of cocaine. Officials said one of the main ingredients of coke was cocaine. The fact it is known that 8 tons of coca leaves imported from South America each year by coke and if any other ordinary citizens to bring all of this into the country then they will probably be arrested for drug trafficking.

Theft of Water

finally, this one should be the biggest surprise for me. It takes only 2 liters of water to make 1 liter of coke. In 2004, farmers in India to protest because the Coke bottling plant which causes the water to dry well. It got so bad, they had to send water in large quantities from the factory in three countries of the world.
More than 290 billion liters of water are used every year by coke all over the world and shows no signs of easing its use. Many countries that lack of water. Gain greater coke but many people who suffer from lack of water. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/facts-about-coca-cola-coke-wrack.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 15:45

tags: Facts About Coca Cola Coke wrack.
Code: 42S4EUXRR3UM

You should know about natural gas.

World natural gas production, brown is the largest production, followed by red
Natural gas is often also referred to as the Earth gas or marsh gas, is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane CH4). He can be found in oil fields, gas fields of Earth and also coal mines. When the gas is rich in methane produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic materials other than fossil, then it is called biogas. Sources of biogas can be found in marshes, rubbish dumps, as well as human waste and animal shelters.

Chemical composition.

The main component in natural gas is methane (CH4), which is a chain hydrocarbon molecules shortest and lightest. Natural gas also contains molecules heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as gases containing sulfur (sulfur). Natural gas is also a major source of helium gas source.
Methane is a greenhouse gas that can create global warming when released into the atmosphere, and is generally regarded as a pollutant rather than a source of useful energy. Even so, the methane in the atmosphere reacts with ozone, producing carbon dioxide and water, so that the greenhouse effect of methane released into the air is relatively only lasted a moment. Sources of methane derived from living things mostly from termites, animal (mammal) and agriculture (estimated emission levels around 15, 75 and 100 million tons per year, respectively).
component%
Methane (CH4) 80-95
Ethane (C2H6) 5-15
Propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) <5
Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and water can also be contained in natural gas. Mercury can also be contained in a small amount. The composition of natural gas varies according to the source of the gas fields.
Organosulfur mixture and hydrogen sulfide are contaminants (impurities) from the gas main to be separated. Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities called sour gas and is often referred to as "acid gas (acid)". Natural gas that has been processed and will be sold are not tasteless and odorless. However, before the gas is distributed to end users, the gas is usually given odor by adding thiol, that can be detected in the event of a gas leak. Natural gas that has been processed in itself is not dangerous, but without the process of natural gas can cause respiratory strangled because it can reduce the oxygen content in the air at levels that may be harmful.
Natural gas can be dangerous because it is highly flammable and potentially explosive. Natural gas is lighter than air, so it tends to easily spread in the atmosphere. But if he is in a confined space, such as in the home, the gas concentration can reach the point of explosive mixture, which if ignited a fire, may cause an explosion that can destroy buildings. Dangerous methane content in the air is between 5% to 15%.
The explosion of compressed natural gas in vehicles, generally not worrying because it is lighter, and the concentration outside the range of 5-15% which can cause an explosion.
The energy content.
Combustion of one cubic meter of natural gas commercially produce 38 MJ (10.6 kWh).

The storage and transportation of natural gas.

Natural gas storage method is done with "Natural Gas Underground Storage", which is a huge room in the basement which is commonly known as the "salt dome" the domes in the case of underground reservoirs of natural gas resources that have been depleted. It is very appropriate for the country four seasons. In the summer when the use of gas for heating is much reduced (low demand), natural gas is injected through the gas compressors into the underground vaults. In the winter, where there is significant demand, natural gas stored in underground vaults issued for distribution to consumers in need. For companies (operators) provider of natural gas, this is very helpful to maintain the operational stability of the supply of natural gas through a natural gas pipeline.
Basically the natural gas transportation system include:

Transport via pipelines stripe.

Transportation in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) with LNG tankers to transport over long distances.
Transportation in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), both on the mainland by road tanker and the tanker CNG at sea, for near and intermediate distances (between islands).
In Indonesia, Oil and Gas Downstream Regulatory Body (BPH Natural Gas) has developed a Master Plan "Parent Network System Integrated National Gas Transmission". In a time not long natural gas pipeline system would stretch concatenated from Aceh and North Sumatra, Central Sumatra South Sumatra-Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Currently gas pipelines in Indonesia are owned by Pertamina and PGN and still localized separately in certain areas, for example in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, East Java and East Kalimantan.
LNG carrier can be used to transport liquefied natural gas (liquefied natural gas, LNG) across the ocean, while the tanker can carry gasa liquefied or compressed natural gas (compressed natural gas, CNG) in close proximity. They can transporting natural gas directly to end-users or to a distribution point, such as a pipeline for further transport. It is still costly for additional facilities for gas liquefaction or compression at the point of production, and penggasan or decompression at the point of end-users or to the pipeline.

Natural Gas Utilization.

Broadly speaking, the utilization of natural gas is divided into 3 groups:
Natural gas as fuel, such as fuel Power Gas / Steam, industrial fuel light, medium and heavy, automotive fuel (CNG / NGV), as city gas for household needs of the hotel, restaurant and so on.
Natural gas as a raw material, among other raw materials fertilizer plants, petrochemicals, methanol, plastic raw materials (LDPE = low density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, PVC = poly vinyl chloride , C3 and C4 her for LPG, its CO2 for soft, dry ice food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial iron castings, welding and light a fire extinguishing agent.
Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.
Cutting-edge technology has also been able to utilize natural gas for air conditioner (AC = Air Conditioning), as used in the airport of Bangkok, Thailand and some college buildings in Australia.

Natural gas in Indonesia.

The utilization of natural gas in Indonesia began in the 1960s in which the production of natural gas from natural gas fields in the Hall of PT Stanvac Indonesia, South Sumatra sent through a gas pipeline to the fertilizer plant Pusri IA, PT Fertilizer Sriwidjaja in Palembang. The development of natural gas utilization in Indonesia increased considerably since 1974, where Pertamina began supplying natural gas through a gas pipeline from natural gas fields in Prabumulih, South Sumatra to the fertilizer plant Pusri II, III and Pusri Pusri IV in Palembang. Because it was too old and inefficient, in 1993 Pusri IA closed, and replaced by Pusri IB built by the sons of the Indonesian nation itself. At that time Pusri IB is the most modern fertilizer factory in Asia, because it uses high technology. In West Java, at the same time, in 1974, Pertamina also supplies natural gas through a gas pipeline from natural gas fields off the coast (off shore) and the Java sea Cirebon area for fertilizer plants and medium and heavy industries in the region of West Java and Banten Cilegon . Natural gas pipeline that runs from Cirebon area towards Cilegon, Banten supply of natural gas, among others, to cement plants, fertilizer plants, ceramic factories, steel mills and power plants and steam gas.
In addition to domestic demand, natural gas in Indonesia also exported in the form of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
One of the largest natural gas producing regions in Indonesia is Aceh. Natural gas resources of the region, the city of Lhokseumawe managed by PT Arun NGL Company. Natural gas has been produced since 1979 and exported to Japan and South Korea. Additionally in Krueng Geukuh, Nanggroe Aceh Baroh (of the district) also contained Iskandar Muda Fertilizer Plant urea fertilizer plant, the raw material of natural gas.

Gas reserves of the world.

Total reserves of the world (which has been confirmed) was 6.112 trillion square feet. List of top 20 countries with the largest gas reserves in units trillion square feet (trillion cu ft) is:
Russian = 1.680
Iran = 971
Qatar = 911
Saudi Arabia = 241
United Arab Emirates = 214
USA = 193
Nigeria = 185
Algeria ly = 161
Venezuela = 151
Iraq = 112
Indonesian = 98
Norwegian = 84
Malaysia = 75
Turkmenistan = 71
Uzbekistan = 66
Kazakhstan = 65
Dutch = 62
Egypt = 59
Canada = 57
Kuwait = 56
Total reserves of 20 countries above was 5.510 trillion square feet and total reserves of countries outside the top 20 in the above is 602 trillion square feet.
List of the largest gas fields in units (* 109 m³):
Asalouyeh, South Pars Gas Field (10000-15000)
Urengoy gas field (10000)
Shtokman field (3200)
Karachaganak field, Kazakhstan (1800)
Slochteren (1500)
Troll (1325)
Greater Gorgon (1100)
Shah Deniz gas field (800)
Tangguh gas field, Indonesia (500)
Sakhalin-I (485)
Ormen Lange (400)
Jonah Field (300)
Snøhvit (140)
Barnett Shale (60-900)
Maui gas field (?)

Do you know of radiation.

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy moves through a medium or through space, and eventually absorbed by other objects. Lay people often connect said ionizing radiation (eg, as occurs in nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and radioactive substances), but can also refer to electromagnetic radiation (ie, radio waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X ray), acoustic radiation, or to other processes clearer. What makes the radiation is that the energy radiates (ie, moving outward in straight lines in all directions) from a source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of physical units of measurement and the same applies to all types of radiation. Some radiation can be harmful.

Ionizing radiation.

Some types of radiation has enough energy to ionize particles. In general, this involves an electron that is 'thrown' from atomic shell electrons, which would give a charge (positive). It is often interfere in biological systems, and can lead to mutations and cancer.
This type of radiation generally occur in the radioactive decay of radioactive waste and garbage.
Three main types of radiation discovered by Ernest Rutherford, alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The radiation was found through a simple experiment, Rutherford using radioactive sources and found that the rays produce hit three different areas. One of them being positive, one of them being neutral, and one of them negative. With this data, Rutherford concluded that radiation consists of three beams. He gave a name derived from the first three letters of the Greek alphabet, namely alpha, beta, and gamma.

Radiation alpha (α).

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits alpha particles, and thus change (or 'decays') into the atomic mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less.
However, due to the high particle mass so that it has less energy and lower distance, alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper (or skin).

Radiation beta (β).

beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (electron or positron) is emitted.
Radiation beta-minus (β⁻) consists of an electron that is full of energy. This radiation is less ionized than alpha, but more than gamma rays. Electrons can often be stopped by a few inches of metal. This radiation occurs when a neutron decays into a proton in the nucleus, releasing a beta particle and an antineutrino.

Radiation plus beta (β +) is a positron emission. So, unlike β⁻, β + decay can not occur in isolation, because it requires energy, neutron mass is greater than the mass of a proton. β + decay can only occur in the nucleus when the value of the binding energy of the parent nucleus is smaller than the nucleus. The difference between this energy into the reaction conversion of a proton into a neutron, a positron and the antineutrino, and to the kinetic energy of the particles
Radiation gamma (γ)

Gamma radiation or gamma rays are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation. Gamma radiation consists of photons with frequencies greater than 1019 Hz. Gamma radiation of electrons or neutrons is not that it can not be stopped only with paper or air, more effective absorption of gamma rays in the material with atomic number and high density. When gamma rays moves through a material the absorption of gamma radiation proportionally to the thickness of the material surface.

Non-ionizing radiation.

Non-ionizing radiation, in contrast, refers to the type of radiation that does not carry enough energy per photon to ionize atoms or molecules. It mainly refers to the form of lower energy of electromagnetic radiation (ie, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared light and visible light). The impact of radiation on living tissue forms only recently been studied. Instead of forming ion energy when passing through matter, electromagnetic radiation has enough energy just to change the rotation, vibration or valence electronic configuration of molecules and atoms. However, different biological effects observed for the various types of non-ionizing radiation

Neutron radiation.

Neutron radiation is a type of non-ionic radiation consists of free neutrons. Neutrons can be issued for either spontaneous or induced nuclear fission, nuclear fusion process, or of other nuclear reactions. He does not ionize atoms in the same way that the charged particles such as protons and electrons do not (attract electrons), because neutrons have no charge. However, neutrons easily react with atomic nuclei of various elements, making unstable isotopes and therefore encourages the radioactivity in the material that was previously non-radioactive. This process is known as neutron activation.

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of waves that spread in thin air or in the material. EM radiation has electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of energy. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave, this type include (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest wavelengths and gamma rays have the shortest. A small window of frequencies, which is called the visible spectrum or light, as seen through the eyes of a variety of organisms, with variation limits of this narrow spectrum. EM radiation carries energy and momentum, which can be delivered when it interacts with matter.

Light.

Light is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye (about 400-700 nm), or up to 380-750 nm. More broadly, physicists considered light as electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, visible or not.

Thermal radiation.

Thermal radiation is a process in which the surface of objects emit thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. infrared radiation from common household radiator or electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, such as heat and light are issued by an incandescent light bulb. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charged particles in an atom is converted into electromagnetic radiation. Frequency waves emitted from thermal radiation is a probability distribution depends only on the temperature, and for a genuine black body given by Planck's radiation law. Wien law gives the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law gives the heat intensity.

Usage.

In medicine.

Radiation and radioactive substances used for the diagnosis, treatment, and research. X-rays, for example, through the muscles and other soft tissues but is stopped by the solid material. This X-ray properties allow doctors to find broken bones and to find cancer that may grow in the body. Doctors also found a specific disease by injecting radioactive substances and radiation monitoring that is released as the substance moves through the body.

In Communications

All modern communication systems use a form of electromagnetic radiation. Variations in the intensity of radiation in the form of changes in sound, image, or other information that is being sent. For example, the human voice can be transmitted as radio waves or microwaves to create waves of sound varies with variations.

In science and technology.

The researchers use radioactive atoms to determine the age of materials that had been part of a living organism. The age of the material can be estimated by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-containing in a process called radiocarbon dating. Scientists use radioactive atoms as tracer atoms to identify the path traversed by pollutants in the environment.
Radiation is used to determine the composition of the material in a process called neutron activation analysis. In this process, the scientists bombard the sample substance particles called neutrons. Some of the atoms in the sample absorbs neutrons and becomes radioactive. Scientists can identify the elements in the sample by studying radiation released.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 13:56

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About Kaaba.

Turns Not GMT Not In Greenwich, But In the Kaaba (Scientific Facts).

Kaaba, the house of God a million Muslim Ummah miss a visit and be a guest - a creator God. Qibla (direction) Muslim Ummah in praying, from any country all ritual prayers facing the Qibla this.

The term of the Kaaba is the language of the Qur'an from the word "ka'bu" which means "ankle" or a spin move to step foot. 5/6 verses in the Qur'an define the term "Ka'bain" which means 'two ankles' and paragraph 5 / 95-96 containing the term 'Kaaba' which means a real "eye of the earth" or "axis of the earth" or the north pole of the earth round.

Neil Armstrong has proved that the city of Mecca is the center of the planet Earth. This fact has been in the study through a scientific study.

When Neil Armstrong for the first time to travel into space and take a picture of planet Earth, he said, "Planet Earth turns hanging in a very dark area, who hung it?."

The astronauts have discovered that the planet was issued some sort of radiation, they officially announce it on the Internet, but unfortunately it 21 days later the website disappeared that there seems to be a hidden reason behind the abolition of the website.

After doing more research, it turns out that radiation centered in the city of Mecca, precisely derived from the Kaaba. What is surprising is that radiation is infinite (not lead), it is proven when they take photos of Mars, the radiation is still continued.

Muslim researchers believe that this radiation has a characteristic and connect between the Kaaba on the planet with the Kaaba in the hereafter.

Makkah Center of the Earth

Prof. Hussain Kamel discovered a surprising fact that Makkah is the center of the earth. At first he was researching a way to determine the direction of Qibla in major cities in the world.

For this purpose, it draws lines on the map, and after that he is closely watching all seven continents to Makkah position and distance respectively. He begin to draw parallel lines only to facilitate the projection of longitude and latitude.

After two years of hard work and heavy it was, he was helped by computer programs to determine the correct distances and different variations, as well as many other things. He was amazed with what was found, that Mecca is the center of the earth.

He was aware of the possibility of drawing a circle with Mecca as its center point, and the outline of the circle is a continent-continent. And at the same time, he moves in conjunction with the outer circumference of the continents. (Al-Arabiyyah magazine, issue 237, August 1978).

Satellite pictures, which appear later in the 90s, emphasizing the same results when further studies leading to the layers of the earth's topography and geography of the land when it was created.

Has become a well-established scientific theory that the earth's plates are formed during a long geological ages, moving regularly around the Arabian plate. These plates continuously converge towards it as if pointing to Mecca.

The scientific studies carried out for different purposes and not intended to prove that Mecca is the center of the earth. However, these studies were published in many magazines in Western science.
Allah says in the Qur'an al-Karim as follows:

'Thus have We revealed to you the Quran in Arabic that you may warn the Umm Al-Qura (Makkah residents) and population (countries) around ..' (ash-Shura: 7)

The word 'Umm Al-Qura' means a parent for other cities and towns around it shows Makkah is the center for other cities, and the others are just being around him. Moreover, the word ummu (mother) are very important in Islamic culture.

As a mother is the source of descent, the Mecca is also the source of all other countries, as described at the beginning of this study. In addition, the word 'mother' gave Makkah superiority over all other cities.

Makkah or Greenwich

Based on careful consideration that Makkah is the middle of the earth as corroborated by studies and drawings produced geological satellite, then it really is believed that the Holy City of Mecca, not Greenwich, which is supposed to be used as a reference time world. This will end the long controversy that began four decades ago.

There are many scientific arguments to prove that Mecca is a region of zero square through the holy city, and he did not pass through Greenwich, England. GMT imposed on the world when the majority of countries in the world are under British rule. If time Makkah is applied, it is easy for everyone to know the time of prayer.

Makkah is the center of the heavens

There are several verses and Prophetic hadith that implies this fact. Allah says, 'O group jinn and mankind, if you are able to penetrate (crossing) regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass, you can not pass through but with strength. "(Ar-Rahman: 33)

Aqthar word is the plural form of the word 'qutr' which mean diameter, and he refers to the heavens and the earth which have many diameter.

From this and from some traditions can be understood that the diameter of the heavens above the earth diameter (seven plates of the earth). If Mecca is in the midst of the earth, then it means that Mecca is also in the midst of the heavens.

In addition there is a hadith that says that the Grand Mosque in Mecca, where the Kaaba is there in the midst of the seven heavens and seven earths layers (ie seven layers forming the earth). Thank you for reading this article.
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About Mafia.

Mafia, also referred to as La Cosa Nostra (Italian: Things We), is a collective call to some secret organization in Sicily and the United States. Mafia was originally the name of a confederation that people in Sicily entered in the Middle Ages for the purpose of protection and enforcement alone (vigilante). The Confederation then started to organized crime.
Mafia members called "mafioso", which means "honorable man".
Mafia expanding into the United States through immigration in the 20th century.
Mafia strength peaked in the US in the mid-20th century, up to a barrage of FBI investigations in the 1970s and 1980s rather reduce their influence. Despite the fall, the Mafia and its reputation has been embedded in American popular culture, filmed on television and even advertisements.
The term "mafia" has now widened to be able to refer to any large group who organized crime (compare with the Russian Mafia, the Yakuza in Japan), and the Triads in China.

Mafia, Most Famous Crime Organization Worldwide.

Perhaps this is the most famous criminal organization in the world and have been frequently raised in the story of the novel, movie, or other stories in various forms. Mafia is a term used to describe a type of organized crime syndicates are primarily committed a crime of extortion, the use of violent intimidation to manipulate local economic activity, especially illicit trade. Other activities are practiced such as drug trafficking, loan-sharking and fraud. They are bound together in the form of rules of conduct code of honor Mafia (Omerta) in southern Italy, and its members unite to protect the Mafia from outside interference and law enforcement.

Mafia term originally given to the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, but later expanded to include other organizations whose methods are similar and the same purpose, for example, "Russian Mafia", "Japanese Mafia" or commonly called the Yakuza, or "Albanian Mafia", and others . The term is applied informally by the press and the public; criminal organization itself has a mention of the term in themselves (eg Sicilian and American Mafia were founded by immigrants of Italian descent) calls himself "Cosa Nostra", the Mexican Mafia calls itself "La Eme" and "Japanese Mafia" calls himself "Yakuza". When the Mafia used its own vocabulary, the word "Mafia" usually refers to the Sicilian Mafia or the American Mafia.

The four most known Mafia organizations worldwide are:

Mafia Sicily (Italy),

Also known as Cosa Nostra (in English "Our Thing"), is a criminal syndicate in Islands of Sicily, Italy. This organization is an association of criminal groups that have a common organizational structure and code of ethics, and are primarily engaged in the services of security protection and extortion. Each group, which is known as "family", "clan", or "cosca", claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or neighborhood (Borgata) from the larger cities, especially where they operate. Its members called themselves "honorable men", although people often refer to them as "mafiosi / mafioso". According to the classical definition, the Mafia is a criminal organization that originated from Sicily. However, the term "mafia" and widespread become a generic term to refer to any organized criminal networks with similar structures, methods, and the same interests.

The Mafia often cooperate in parallel, but not rare clash with fellow Mafia in the same region. Mafia tissue from other parts of southern Italy, such as the Camorra (from Campania), 'Ndrangheta (from Calabria), Stidda (south of Sicily) and the Sacra Corona Unita (from Apulia). Giovanni Falcone, an anti-Mafia judge murdered by the Mafia in 1992, raised objections to the incorporation of the term "Mafia" with organized crime in general:
The American Mafia emerged as an offshoot of the Italian Mafia began to appear in the United States in the late nineteenth century, after a wave of emigration from Italy arrived in the United States. There are branches of the same in Canada, founded by the Italians in Canada. The same thing has been claimed that the formation of networks of organized crime by the Italians in Australia.

Russian Mafiya (Russia)

In the Russian alphabet: "мафия русская" or read Russkaya Mafiya or bratva, is a term used to refer to the various elements of organized crime originating from countries of the former Soviet Union. Although not a single criminal organization, the majority of groups of individuals sharing the same purpose in the organization structure, define them as part of the overall association. Organized crime in Russia began during the Tsarist empire, but it was not until the Soviet era where Vory v zakone ("thief-in-law") emerged as the leader of the prison in the Gulag (forced labor camps in the Soviet prison), and since they are the emergence of a code of honor in the group Russian Mafia defined more clearly. After World War II, the death of Joseph Stalin, and the fall of the Soviet Union, many gangs have emerged and evolved in the black market, take advantage of unstable governments of the countries of the former Soviet Union, and at the highest point of control even as much as two-thirds of the Russian economy.

Louis Freeh, the former FBI director, has said the Russian mafia poses the greatest threat to US national security in the mid-1990s. In this modern era, there are as many as 6,000 different groups, with more than 200 of them have a range of global-scale operations. Criminals of various groups both former gang members in prison, corrupt Communist officials, and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region to share their experiences of crime and have a leader. In December 2009, the East Lakhonin, head of the National Central Bureau of Interpol Russia, stated, "Of course, there are crimes involving our former colleagues abroad, but there are no data to suggest that the structure of organized criminal groups consisting of former Russians residing abroad ", while in August 2010, Alain Bauer, a French criminologist, said that the" Russian Mafia is one of the best and most structured criminal organizations in Europe, the military equivalent operation. "

American Mafia (United States).

The American Mafia, commonly known as the Mafia or Mafia Mob Italian or Italian, or the Mob in the United States, is a criminal society Italian-American descent. Similar to the Sicilian Mafia, Italian-American Mafia is a secret criminal society without a formal name. Members usually refer to it as the Cosa Nostra (Italian pronunciation: ( kɔza nɔstra ), Italian for "our affairs"). The press has also created the name "National Crime Syndicate" to refer to the whole of organized crime in the United States, including the Mafia. The Mafia emerged in New York's Lower East Side, the other areas on the East Coast United States, and several other major metropolitan areas (like New Orleans for example) in the late 19th and early 20th century following waves of immigration from Italy, mainly from the islands of Sicily .
This organization is rooted in the Sicilian Mafia, but an organization that is completely separate in the United States. Neapolitan, Calabria, Italy and other criminal groups, as well as Italian-American criminal who stands alone, eventually joining the Sicilian Mafia to create frontman Mafia family One of America's most widely known is Al Capone, where the figure raised in various Hollywood movie themed Mafia . Mafia-modern Italian descent in North America. Currently, the American Mafia cooperate in various criminal activities with the Sicilian Mafia and organized crime groups Italy, such as the Camorra, 'Ndrangheta, the Sacra Corona Unita and. The most important unit of the American Mafia is that merkea is part of the "family" is derived from criminal organizations that make the Mafia known to be very broad and has a strong network. Although the name of "family" to describe the various units, a succession of American Mafia leader is not always hereditary, although it is possible.

The Mafia is currently most active in New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, New England, Detroit, and Chicago, with smaller families, associations, and the crew in places like Florida, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Texas. There are at least 26 cities across the United States with the Cosa Nostra families, with many branches, and a splinter group of colleagues in other cities. There are five families of New York City major Mafia, known as the Five Families: The Gambino, Lucchese, Genovese, Bonanno and Colombo families.

Ranks arrangement in a Mafia Family Organization.

At its peak, the Mafia dominated organized crime in the US Although every family who launched a crime to operate independently, national coordination is provided by a Committee, consisting of the bosses of each family strongest. Law enforcement still considers Mafia largest organized crime group in the United States. It then maintains control over the many activities of organized crime in the United States and certain parts of Canada (Look Rizzuto crime family). Currently most of the mafia activities contained to the Northeastern United States and Chicago where they continued to dominate organized crime despite the increasing number of street gangs and other organizations that do not come from Italy.

Black Mafia Family (United States).

BMF is a drug trafficking organization which was originally based in Detroit, Michigan, which was founded in the late 1980s by two brothers Demetrius and Terry Flenory. In 2000, they have built a cocaine distribution cells in cities across the United States. Through drug source supplier based in Los Angeles, they establish a direct relationship with the Mexican drug cartels. They form the two main hub for their drug trafficking operations, namely: "Atlanta, Georgia hub", specifically for the distribution of narcotics, operated by brother Demetrius, while "Los Angeles, California hub" operated by Terry to handle incoming shipments from Mexico.

Around 2000, the organization tries to legitimize itself by entering the music business of hip-hop, started a company called BMF Entertainment. Through BMF Entertainment, they help promote a number of artists, including Young Jeezy, and Bleu DaVinci. Before they get into the music business, Flenory Brothers known to be close to a number of well-known hip-hop artists, including Jay-Z and Fabolous.
In 2005, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to indict members of the Black Mafia Family. Both brothers were sentenced to 30 years to life. Subsequent indictment eventually charged to more than 150 members of the organization. Attorney guide mentions the organization make more than $ 270 million (approximately Rp 3,181,950,000,000, - or more than three trillion dollars) for their organization running.
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DatePublished: December 11, 2014 at 12:49

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Did you know Charles Darwin.

Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, then worked for the publication of Origin of Species.
Born Charles Robert Darwin
February 12, 1809
The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
Died 19 April 1882 (age 73)
Houses Down, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom
Places to stay British
British citizenship
Nationality United Kingdom
Royal Medal Award (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Couple Emma Darwin (1839 - 1882)

Charles Robert Darwin (born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, December 12, 1809 - died in Downe, Kent, England, 19 April 1882 at the age of 72 years) was an English naturalist who laid the foundation for his revolutionary theory of modern evolutionary theory and principles lineage same (common descent) by proposing natural selection as a mechanism. This theory is now considered an integral component of biology (life sciences).
He developed his interest in natural history when he initially studied medicine, and then theology, at university. Sea journey across the world for five years aboard the HMS Beagle subsequent writings made him a leading geologist and writer famous. Biological observations led him to study about the transmutation of species and he developed his theory of natural selection in 1838. Due fully aware that other people who put forward ideas heretical as it suffered severe punishment, he simply convey this research to friends closest. However, he continued his research by recognizing the emergence of various objections to the results. However, in 1858 the information that Alfred Russel Wallace also find a similar theory prompted him to issue joint of Darwin's theory.
His book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to The Origin of Species) (1859) is his most famous until now. This book describes the evolution through the same lineage as the dominant scientific explanation of the diversity in nature. Darwin was named a Fellow of the Royal Society, continued his research, and wrote a series of books about plants and animals, including humans, and that stands out is The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Last book is about earthworms.
As a sign of recognition of the greatness of Darwin, he was buried in Westminster Abbey, along with William Herschel and Isaac Newton.

Life.

Childhood.

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, at the family home, the Mount House. He was the fifth of six children of a wealthy doctor, Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood father's side of the mother. Both come from prominent English family, family Darwin - Wedgwood supporting the Unitarian church. His mother died when Charles was eight years old. When the following year he attended Shrewsbury School which is not so far away, he lived in boarding school.
Thanks to the wealth of their parents, Darwin enjoyed the comfort and have access facilities to acquire a good education. However, his father worried about the future of Darwin, because he was just having fun with hunting, playing with the dog and catch mice. His father worried that Darwin would bring shame to the family. Although Darwin had from early interested in biology, to please his father, he took up the study of medicine.
In 1825, after a summer as an apprentice doctor, helping his father take care of the poor people in Shropshire, Darwin went to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But he hated the brutality of surgery so that he left his studies. He learned how to preserve the animals from John Edmonstone, a black slave who had been freed, who told him interesting stories about tropical forests in South America. In the second year, Darwin became active in the fraternity for the naturalist. He became a keen student of Robert Edmund Grant. Grant is the man who pioneered the development of theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles theory grandfather, Erasmus, evolution by examining characteristics. Darwin took part in Grant research on the life cycle of marine animals on the shore of the Firth of Forth which found evidence for homology, the radical theory that all animals have similar organs and only vary in complexity. In March 1827, Darwin gave a presentation to the Association of Plinian on his own discovery that black spores often found in oyster shells are similar leech eggs (skate leech). He also attended classes Robert Jameson on natural history, and learn about the geological stratigraphy and how to classify plants while watching for the work to develop a comprehensive collection of the Museum of the University of Edinburgh.

In 1827, his father was not happy because the child does not wish to become a doctor, secretly enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts program at Christ's College, University of Cambridge, to prepare a pastor. This is a reasonable choice at a time when the Anglican earn a decent income, and most of the naturalists in England when it was a pastor who considers part of their job is to "explore the wonders of God's creation". At Cambridge, Darwin preferred to ride a horse and shoot rather than learning. Together cousin, William Darwin Fox, he drowned in the current craze for collecting beetles race. Fox also introduced him to the Reverend John Stevens Henslow, professor of botany, to get expert advice on beetles. Darwin then go to class natural history Henslow, became his favorite disciple, and came to be known as "the man who walked with Henslow". When the test came, Darwin focused more on his studies and get a special additional class of Henslow in mathematics and theology. Darwin were particularly interested in the writings of William Paley, including the argument of divine design in nature. In the tests finally in January 1831, he succeeded well in theology and because he studied hard in classical studies, mathematics and physics, he appeared in the top 10 of the 178 students who graduated.
Residency demands require Darwin lived in Cambridge until June. Following Henslow's example and advice, he was in no hurry to become a pastor. He was inspired by the writings of Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative, and therefore he planned to visit the Madeira Islands to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself, Darwin took a geology class of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, and in the summer to go with him to assist in mapping layers (strata) in Wales. Darwin was doing research strata own when his plans to go to Madeira canceled by the message that will go with her colleagues who have passed away, but when he returned home he received another letter. Henslow has recommended to Darwin for a position that is not paid to be a companion to Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, in a two-year expedition to explore the coastline of South America. This will provide a valuable opportunity Darwin to develop his career as a naturalist. His father opposed the trip, think of it as a waste of time, but he was persuaded by Josiah Wedgwood II to approve their participation. This trip into a five-year expedition that led to dramatic changes in many fields of science.

Travel by Beagle.

Darwin had decided that it was a way of life to become a pastor and a quiet life when he received a very tempting offer. Darwin was invited to accompany Captain Robert FitzRoy on the HMS Beagle. At that time, has become a habit that the captain of the ship has a companion during the expedition ship which usually lasts for years. Because the position of Captain FitzRoy high enough, only a 'gentleman' who can be his best man. Nigrat line Darwin proved useful. Although the expedition aims to create a marine map, FitzRoy secretly has plans to look for evidence of creation as written in the Bible. Ironically, Darwin was selected by FitzRoy because Darwin is a prospective pastor, as well as thanks to his noble blood.
Beagle survey lasted five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of this time to explore the mainland. He investigated a wide range of geological appearance, fossil and living organisms, and meet a wide range of people, both indigenous and colonial society. Methodically he gathered a large number of specimens, many of them new to science. This confirmed his reputation as a naturalist and makes it one of the pioneers in the field of ecology, particularly the understanding of biokoenosis. The records detailed that the length showed his gift to build the theory and form the basis for future work, as well as provide insight into the social anthropological, political depth areas visited.
The voyage, Darwin read Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (Principles of Geology), which explains the geological appearance as a result of a gradual process during various periods long, and wrote a letter to his family that he witnessed other forms of land "is as if he had the eyes of Lyell ": he saw the plains of the thin layer (shingle) are steep and shells in Patagonia as ascending beaches. In Chile he experienced an earthquake and noted the basics ocean with shells stranded above high tide showing that the land had increased; and even in places high in the Andes, he can collect sea shells. He theorized that coral atolls form on the volcanic mountains of the sinking, an idea that he saw confirmed when the Beagle investigate Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
In South America he discovered fossils of extinct giant mammals, including megatheria and gliptodon in layers that do not show signs or catastrophic climate change. Occasionally he sees his they are similar to species in Africa, but after shipping Richard Owen showed that the remains were derived from animals related to living creatures in the same place. In Argentina two species of rhea had separate areas but overlap. In the Galápagos Islands Darwin found that mockingbirds differ from one island to another, and when he returned to Britain kepadnya shown that turtles Galápagos tortoises and finches also vary depending on the species of each island they inhabit. Australian marsupial animals kangaroo rats and animals platypus is very strange that he thinks "People who do not believe ... maybe say 'Surely two distinct Creator has worked'. "He was confused by what he saw, and while in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Sailing in the Beagle) he describes the distribution of species by Charles Lyell's ideas of "centers of creation", in recent editions of this Journal, he begin to imagine the use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "people may actually suspect that a small number of native birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different purposes."
Three native missionaries returned by Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They have been in civilized-right in the UK for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes looked "wild", slightly above the animal. Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their lives were hard and primitive, but they are more like it and do not want to go back to the civilized world. This experience and the rejection of Darwin against slavery and various other inhumane treatment were seen in other places, such as ill-treatment of the natives by British colonists in Tasmania convinced him that there is no moral justification whatsoever for treating others badly based on the concept race. Now he argues that human beings are not too far away from the animal, in contrast to what is believed by his friends clergy.
While on the ship, Darwin suffered seasickness. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, while returning from the Andes to Valparaíso, he fell ill and was forced to stay in bed for a month. Since 1837 Darwin suffered repeated abdominal pain, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and a variety of other symptoms. All of these symptoms particularly affected him at times when he was depressed, such as when attending meetings or dealing with disputes about the theory. The cause of the disease is unknown Darwin in his lifetime, and various efforts to take care not had much success. Speculation has recently stated that in South America he Chagas disease due to insect bites, which causes a variety of problems later. Other causes that may include the problems of psycho-biological and Ménière's disease.

Careers in science, theory formation.

While still in the voyage, Henslow carefully strengthen former pupil's reputation by giving a naturalist's selected examples of access to fossil and printed copies of Darwin's geological writings. When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin has become well known in scientific circles. He visited his family in Shrewsbury and his father developed the savings that Darwin could become a scientist who is supported by its own funds. Darwin then went to Cambridge and persuaded Henslow so doing botanical descriptions of modern plants he had collected. After that Darwin traveled to institutions in London to find the best naturalists available to describe other collections for publication in a timely manner. Charles Lyell was very excited to see Darwin on 29 October and introduced him to an anatomist Richard Owen who is on the rise. After working on a collection of fossil bones of the Association of Surgeons of Darwin in his kingdom, Owen caused a big surprise by revealing that some of it comes from the rats and similar animals that have been extinct giant creep. It enhances the reputation of Darwin. With the enthusiastic support of Lyell, Darwin first presented a paper to the Geological Society of London on January 4, 1837, and said that the South American land are rising slowly. On the same day Darwin presented examples of mammals and birds to the Association of zoological London. The animals mammals were taken by George R. Waterhouse. Although the birds seem like a new idea came later, John Gould, a bird expert revealed that what was presumed to Darwin as "wren", black birds, and somewhat different from the Galápagos finches are all finches, but each respective different species. The others in the Beagle, including FitzRoy also telha collect these birds and more careful with their records, to allow Darwin found on the island where each species was derived.
In London Charles lived with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At a dinner parties he met with a number of scholars who argue that God has set his previous life with the laws of nature, rather than the magical creations for a while. His best friend, Ms. Harriet Martineau was a writer whose stories promoting reforms Whig Malthusian law of poor people. Scientific circles excited by the ideas of transmutation of species controversially associated with Radical excitement. Darwin would rather Dear friends, the Cambridge professor, despite his ideas beyond their belief that natural history must justify religion and social order.
On February 17, 1837, Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to determine the date of Darwin's fossils, and shows the inference that the species of animals that have been pu well was associated with species of the existing now in the same place. At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Board of the Association. He has been invited by FitzRoy to contribute articles in the Journal based on his field notes as part of the natural history of the captain of the Beagle voyage report. Now he is immersed in the writing of a book on the geology of South America. At the same time he speculated on transmutation in his Red Book notes that have been completed at the start of the Beagle. Another project commencement getting reports of experts on the collection published as a series of publications of Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle (Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle), and Henslow used his contacts to arrange the provision of £ 1,000 from the Treasury for sponsoring it. Darwin finished writing his Journal about 20 June when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid-July he started a notebook "B" of the secret of transmutation, and developed the hypothesis that where every island of the Galápagos Islands have their own kind of tortoise, all of it comes from a species of turtle and had to adjust to island -miami different in different ways.
Under pressure to organize Zoology and correcting manuscripts to his Journal, Darwin's health deteriorated. On 20 September 1837 he suffered a "heart pounding" and go to the countryside to recuperate. He visited Maer Hall where invalid aunt who was raised by her daughter who remained single, Emma Wedgwood, and entertaining relatives with stories about his travels. His uncle, Jos showed a spot on the ground where cinders disappeared under loam and say that it all is the work of earthworms. Darwin got the idea for a conversation that is conveyed to the Geological Society on 1 November, about a topic that is very unusual about earthworms. He has avoided official positions that may seize the precious time, but in March it, Whewell had recruited him as Secretary of the Geological Society. The pain makes Darwin rest from the pressures of work, and he went conduct geological research in Scotland. In clear air he visited Glen Roy to see the phenomenon known as "roads" that - wrongly - described as ascending beaches.

Once fully recovered, he returned to his home in Shrewsbury. He thought about a career and scientific prospects, and therefore he compiled a list with two columns titled "Married" and "Not Marry". List included under the pro-marriage column included "constant companion and friend in old age ... however better than a dog," while a list of the counter is "less money for books" and "the loss of a very sad time . "Consideration pro eventually win. He discussed this with his father then went to visit his cousin Emma on 29 July 1838. He did not directly apply, but in contrast to his father's advice, he told Emma ideas on transmutation.
While the thought and work continued in London in the autumn, he repeatedly fell ill.On 11 November he returned and proposed to Emma, and once again told him his ideas. He accepted it, but later wrote and begged him to read from the Gospel of John part about love and follow the road which also states that "If anyone does not remain in me, he ... thrown into the fire and burned". Charles sent a warm response that eliminates concern, but Emma still worry that the decline of faith Charles would jeopardize his hope that they would meet again in the afterlife.

Marriage and children.

On January 29, 1839, Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians.
After the first stay in Gower Street, London, the couple moved on 17 September 1842 to Down House, Downe (which is now open for public visits, south of Orpington). Darwin family had ten children, three of whom died in early childhood. Many of them and their grandchildren would become famous (see the family Darwin - Wedgwood)
William Erasmus Darwin (December 27 1839-1914)
Anne Elizabeth Darwin (March 2 1841-22 April 1851)
Mary Eleanor Darwin (September 23 1842-16 October 1842)
Emma Henrietta "Etty" Darwin (September 25 1843-1929)
George Howard Darwin (July 9 1845-7 December 1912)
Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin (July 8 1847 to 1926)
Francis Darwin (August 16, 1848-19 September 1925)
Leonard Darwin (January 15th, 1850-26 March 1943)
Horace Darwin (May 13 1851-29 September 1928)
Charles Waring Darwin (December 6 1856-28 June 1858)
Some of their children suffering from illness or weak body. Charles Darwin worried that this might be due to his lineage with Emma pretty close. This is expressed in his writings about the harmful consequences arising from the marriage between close relatives and benefit from cross-breeding.

Development theory.

Darwin had long thought about the evolution of the idea; that all species are related to each other and have a "common ancestor" (derived from a single lineage) and new species arise through mutations. But he was still curious about the mechanics of how the process occurs. By chance, he read the writings of Thomas Malthus. Malthus argued that human population grew faster than food production, causing humans compete with each other to compete for food and make charitable deeds vain. Darwin happily use this mechanism to explain his theory. He writes: "Human beings tend to increase in the level of greater than how to survive. As a result, he occasionally had to fight hard to survive, and natural selection will affect what lies within this range." (Descent of Man, Ps.21) He attributed this to the findings of the species associated with places, research on the breeding of animals, and the idea of "the law of natural selection" (Natural Selection). Towards the end of 1838 he compared the characteristics of the selection of farmers with natural selection according to the Malthusian theory of variants that occur "by chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practiced and perfected", and considers that it is "part of the the most beautiful of my theory "of how species originated.
Darwin now is a leading geologist among the scientific elite among the clergy who also is a naturalist. In finance it pretty well established with personal income. He has a lot of work to do, write down the findings and theories, and oversee the preparation of writing a series of books that describe Zoology collections. He was convinced of the truth of evolution, but for a longer period of time he realized that the transmutation of species associated with the denial of God and the democratic agitators in Britain are trying to overthrow society. Thus, publishing his theory could threaten his reputation. Darwin did a lot of experiments with plants and engaged in consultations with the breeders of animals, including pigeons and pig breeders, trying to find the answers that are strong against all arguments are anticipated when he presented his theory in public.
When the report was published in May 1839 FitzRoy, Journals and Notes Darwin's getting rave reviews. Later in the same year, it was the publication of his own writings, sells and is now known as The Voyage of the Beagle (Beagle voyage). In December 1839, when Emma was pregnant for the first time, Darwin returned sick.

The publication of The Origin of Species and controversy.

Darwin wrote about the evolution of ideas in the book Origin of Species (The Origin of Species) which explains the theory of evolution. At first, Darwin hesitate to publish the ideas and observations are very radical, especially at that time, England in Victorian times. Over the years, it stores this idea and just talk with co-workers to believe. One motivation Darwin to finally publish this book is the encouragement of Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace also wrote about a similar idea and send it to Darwin. Darwin advised to expeditiously complete the writing. In 1859, his book The Origin of Species was published and, unexpectedly, become hard and controversial behavior.
Although Darwin did not discuss human evolution openly, the book gets tough challenge, both from the scientific, and the community, especially the church. In this difficult period, Darwin was accompanied by one of his loyal friend, Thomas Huxley, who was nicknamed "Darwin's Bulldog". By telling and sharp, Huxley defended Darwin's theory of attacks. One famous episode is the debate between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce Huxley with.
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DatePublished: December 11, 2014 at 09:13

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